Cell Phone Nation: How Mobile Phones Have Revolutionized Business, Politics and Ordinary Life in India (52 page)

85.
  
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamed_Haneef
(accessed 17 June 2012).

86.
   For example,
http://wn.com/Mumbai_Attack_Terror_Tape-phone_Conversation-Part1
(accessed 13 December 2011).

87.
   
New York Times
, 7 January 2009,
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/07/world/asia/07india.html?_r=1&scp=3&sq=India&st=cse
(accessed 13 December 2011).

88.
   
New York Times
, 7 January 2009,
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/07/world/asia/07india.html?_r=1&scp=3&sq=India&st=cse
(accessed 13 December 2011).

89.
   ‘Suspect Stirs Mumbai Court by Confessing’,
New York Times
, 20 July 2009,
www.nytimes./com/2009/07/21/world/asia/21india.html
(accessed 13 December 2011).

90.
   
Outlook
, 25 July 2011.

91.
   Ujjwal Kumar Singh,
The State, Democracy and Anti-Terror Laws in India
(New Delhi: Sage, 2007), pp. 292, 325.

92.
   Bus conductors in the southern town of Mangalore were reportedly encouraged to send SMSes to vigilante groups of Hindu chauvinists ‘when they see an inter-religious couple socialise’.
Outlook
, 13 August 2012,
http://goo.gl/LMTYg
(accessed 31 August 2012).

93.
   Agar,
Constant Touch
, p. 135.

94.
   
Sydney Morning Herald
, 22 January 2011,
http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/porn-ban-for-phones-a-case-of-moral-panic-20110121–19zyu.html
(accessed 14 June 2012).

95.
   McKinnon,
Consent of the Networked
, pp. 38–40.

96.
   Ang Peng Hwa, Shyam Tekwani
and Guozhen Wang, ‘Shutting Down the Mobile Phone and the Downfall of Nepalese Society’,
Pacific Affairs
, vol. 85, no. 3 (September 2012), pp. 547–62.
Economist
, 10 February 2011, for Egypt and the ‘Arab spring’ of 2011,
http://www.economist.com/node/18112043/print
(accessed 12 February 2011).

97.
  
http://ptlbindia.blogspot.com.au/2012/03/cell-phone-laws-in-india.html
(accessed 13 April 2012). Duggal’s door-stopping volume,
Mobile Law
, was an attempt to pull together regulations, laws and discussion about electronic transgressions.

98.
   
Times of India
, 23 August 2010,
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010–08–23/bangalore/28302684_1_cyber-crime-mobile-lab-mobileunit
(accessed 14 June 2012).

CONCLUSION: ‘IT’S THE AUTONOMY, STUPID’

  
1.
   ‘Afterword’, in James E. Katz (ed.),
Handbook of Mobile Communication Studies
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008), p. 448.

  
2.
   See Microsoft External Research,
http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/collaboration
, especially ‘Health and Wellbeing’, Parts Nos 098–111196–9, 098–111162 and unnumbered sheets for 2008. Jeffrey was given hard copies at Microsoft in Bengaluru in November 2010.

  
3.
   
Information and Communications for Development 2012: MaximizingMobile
(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2012), p. 57,
http://www.worldbank.org/ict/IC4D2012
(accessed 31 July 2012).

  
4.
   ‘Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health. Base Stations and Wireless Technologies’, World Health Organization, Fact Sheet, No. 304 (May 2006),
www. who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs 304/en/print.html
(accessed on 16 September 2010).

  
5.
   
Outlook
, 14 June 2010, p. 14 was just one example.

  
6.
   ‘Cell Phone Radiation Warning Ordinance
Reinstated in San Francisco’, Filutowski Law Firm, 21 July 2011,
http://www.filutowskilaw.com/2011/07/cell-phone-warning-ordinance-reinstated-in-san-francisco/
(accessed 5 March 2012). Our italics. The lawyers appeared to be gilding the lotus.

  
7.
   
Tehelka
, 5 June 2010, p. 30.

  
8.
   Ibid., p. 31.

  
9.
   
BusinessLine
, 12 April 2006,
http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/04/12/stories/2006041201750400.htm
(accessed on 5 March 2012).

10.
   ‘Mobile Towers Major Air Polluters’,
Times of India
, 25 May 2011,
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011–05–25/bangalore/29581162_1_mobile-towers-reduction-in-total-costs-solar-power
(accessed 10 July 2012); and ‘Telcos write to Rescos; offer to take entire wind, solar output’,
Economic Times
, 8 July 2012,
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012–07–08/news/32588711_1_telecom-towers-coai-and-association-generators
(accessed 10 July 2012).

11.
   On the conflicts surrounding the mining of rare earths, see James. H. Smith, ‘Tantalus in the Digital Age: Coltan Ore, Temporal Dispossession, and “Movement” in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo’,
American Ethnologist
, vol. 38, no. 1 (2011), pp. 17–35.

12.
  
http://www.toxicslink.org/art-view.php?id=134
(accessed on 28 March 2012).

13.
  
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33845&Cr=waste&Cr1
(accessed on 28 March 2012).

14.
   Garima Jain in
Tehelka
, 15 January 2011,
http://www.tehelka.com/story_main48.asp?filename=hub150111WHERE_COMPUTERS.asp
(accessed 15 April 2012).

15.
   See Frank Korom, ‘On the Ethics and Aesthetics of Recycling in India’, in Lance Nelson (ed.),
Purifying the Earthly Body of God: Religion and Ecology in Hindu India
(New York: New York University Press, 1998), pp. 197–223. Lucy Noris,
Recycling Indian Clothing: Global Contexts of Reuse and Value
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010). On the recycling of plastic waste, see Kavery Gill,
Of Poverty and Plastic: Scavenging and Scrap Trading Entrepreneurs in India’s Urban Informal Economy
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010). Boo,
Beyond the Beautiful Forevers
, focuses on the distressing life of a boy who retrieved rubbish in Mumbai.

16.
   Other places outside the major cities, such as Moradabad on the Ramganga river in Uttar Pradesh, have also taken up the waste industry. The city, previously known as the capital of ornamental brassware, is said to be a centre for recycling digital waste.

17.
   Rich Ling,
The Mobile Connection. The Cell Phone’s Impact on Society
(San Francisco: Elsevier, 2004), p. 180.

18.
   Ibid., p. 180.

19.
   Castells
et al
.,
Mobile Communication and Society
, p. 251. Barry Wellman, ‘Physical Place and Cyberplace: the Rise of Personalized Networking’,
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
, vol. 25, no. 2 (June 2001), p. 238.

20.
   Barry Wellman, ‘Little Boxes, Glocalization, and Networked Individualism’, [n.d.; c. 2002],
http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman/publications/littleboxes/littlebox.PDF
(accessed on 8 March 2012).

21.
   The Government of India set
up more than thirty Telecom Enforcement, Resource and Monitoring (TERM) cells around the country. It also instructed telecom companies to install technology that would allow authorities to track city customers to within 50 metres of their location. Companies protested about the huge costs required, and compliance was sluggish.
Business Today
, 27 May 2012, p. 16. Department of Telecommunications,’Telecom Enforcement, Resource and Monitoring (TERM) Cells’, n.d.,
http://www. dot.gov.in/vtm/vtm.htm
(accessed 29 June 2012).

22.
   Grewal,
Network Power
, pp. 294–5.

23.
   Ratnakar Tripathy, ‘Music Mania in Small-town Bihar: Emergence of Vernacular Identities’,
EPW
, 2 June 2012, p. 65.

24.
   Ratnakar Tripathy, email to R. Jeffrey, 19 June 2012.

25.
   Tripathy, ‘Music Mania’, p. 61. Sale of 3,000 CDs was enough to justify production.

26.
   Tripathy, ‘Music Mania’, p. 63.

27.
   CNN, ‘Gaming Reality’, 8 August 2012,
http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2012/08/tech/gaming.series/
(accessed 8 August 2012), for a series of programs on the forms and economics of electronic gaming throughout the world.

28.
   Craig Jeffrey
et al
.,
Degrees Without Freedom
, pp. 181–5.

29.
   Nimmi Rangaswamy and Edward Cutrell, ‘Anthropology, Development and ICTs: Slums, Youth and the Mobile Internet in Urban India’, p. 4,
ICTD2012
, 12–15 July 2012, Atlanta, GA,
http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/cutrell/ICTD2012-Rangaswamy_Anthropologists_and__ICTD.pdf
(accessed 8 August 2012).

30.
   Ibid., p. 4.

31.
   Ibid., p. 6.

32.
   Ibid., pp. 7–8.

33.
   CNN, ‘Gaming Reality’, 8 August 2012,
http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2012/08/tech/gaming.series/korea.html
(accessed 8 August 2012).

34.
   Census of India 2011.
Rural Urban Distribution of Population (Provisional Population Totals)
(New Delhi: Registrar General and Census Commissioner, 2011), p. 5. 69 per cent of the total population was classified as rural. Of rural households, 55 per cent were estimated to have mobile phones.
Times of India
, 14 March 2012,
http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=Q0FQLzIwMTIvMDMvMTQjQXIwMDEwNQ==&Mode=HT ML&Locale=english-skin-custom
(accessed 14 March 2012).

35.
   Jack Linchuan Qiu,
Working-Class Network Society: Communication Technology and the Information Have-Less in Urban China
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009). Phones aren’t meant to hurt people; revolvers are. And revolvers are not much use for playing games or music.

36.
   Tina Rosenberg, ‘Ancient Tongues Meet Digital
Age’,
International Herald Tribune
, 12 December 2011, pp. 15 and 17. Italics are ours.

37.
   Eija-Liisa Kasesniemi and Pirjo Rautiainen, ‘Mobile Culture’, in Katz and Aakhus (eds),
Perpetual Contact
, p. 183. See also Castells
et al
.,
Mobile Communication
, pp. 179–84.

38.
   Yukiko Nishimura, ‘Japanese Keitai Novels and Ideologies of Literacy’, in Crispin Thurlow and Kristine Mroczek,
Digital Discourse: Language in the New Media
(London: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 86–109.

39.
   Rosenberg,
International Herald Tribune
, 12 December 2011, pp. 15 and 17.

40.
   Devanagari (Hindi), Roman (English), Bengali, Gujarati, Gurmukhi (Punjabi), Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Tamil, Telugu, Perso-Arabic (Urdu).

41.
   Booklet,
http://www.paninikeypad.com/download/Booklet.pd
. See also Nokia Research Centre, ‘Solving the Great Indian Text Input Puzzle: Touch Screen-based Mobile Text Input Design’, paper presented at MobileHCI, Stockholm, 30 August to 2 September 2011,
http://goo.gl/3OGRy
(accessed on 12 September 2012). Dr Nimmi Rangaswamy of Microsoft, Bengaluru, led us to these sources.

42.
   Nimmi Rangaswamy, Microsoft, Hyderabad, email to R. Jeffrey, 16 November 2011.

43.
   Morozov,
Net Delusion
, pp. 175–6.

44.
   Marvin,
When Old Technologies Were New
, p. 30.

45.
   Interview, Bala Parthasarathy, Authentication and Applications, Aadhaar, with R. Jeffrey, Bengalaru, 19 November 2012.