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Ord Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California.

Patrick Henry O’Rorke Papers, Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart, Brady Memorial Library, Purchase, N.Y.

William P. Palmer Civil War Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio.

Payroll of Slaves, Virginia State Library.

Edward Pendleton, mss., Library of Congress.

William Nelson Pendleton Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.

Pickens-Bonham Papers, Library of Congress.

F. W. Pickens Letters, A. Conger Goodyear Collection, Yale University Library.

F. W. Pickens Papers, Chicago Historical Society.

F. W. Pickens Papers, Duke University Library.

Pickett Papers, Library of Congress.

Franklin Pierce Letter, the Massachusetts Commandery, Military Order of the Loyal Legion, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

L. M. Pipkin; Four Papers on the Civil War, transcribed by the Historian’s Office, Military Department, State of Louisiana; originals held by Louisiana State Museum Library.

Leonidas Polk Letters, Palmer Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society.

David D. Porter Papers, Huntington Library.

John H. Reagan Papers, Texas State Library, Archives Division, Austin, Tex.

Register of Officers Arriving in Washington, 1861, National Archives.

William Culbertson Robinson Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; through courtesy of Ralph Newman.

W. S. Rosecrans Papers, UCLA Library.

Thomas L. Rosser Papers, Alderman Library, University of Virginia.

Diary of Edmund Ruffin, Library of Congress.

Letters of John F. Sale, Virginia State Library, Richmond, Va.

Frank A. Sanborn, mss., Chicago Historical Society.

Winfield Scott Letter, Greer Collection, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

William H. Seward Papers, the Rush Rhees Library, University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y.

William H. Seward Papers, Chicago Historical Society.

William H. Seward Papers, Library of Congress.

William T. Sherman, Memoirs, personal copy with handwritten notes, Northwestern University Library.

Diary of Michael Shiner, Library of Congress.

William Dunlop Simpson Papers, Duke University Library.

Caleb B. Smith Papers, Huntington Library.

E. Kirby Smith Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina Library.

Letters of Augustine Smythe, South Carolina Historical Society, Charleston, S.C.

Homer B. Sprague Diary, Library of Congress.

William McKendree Springer Papers, Chicago Historical Society.

Edwin M. Stanton Letters, John Hay Library, Brown University.

Edwin M. Stanton Papers, Library of Congress.

Hannah C. Stearns Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

Papers of Alexander Stephens, Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart, Brady Memorial Library; Purchase, N.Y.

Diary of William H. Stewart, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.

Franklin Stringfellow Papers, Virginia State Historical Society, Richmond, Va.

J. E. B. Stuart Papers, Huntington Library.

Papers of Oscar J. E. Stuart and Family, Mississippi State Department of Archives and History, Jackson, Miss.

Papers of Charles Sumner, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

Papers of Charles Sumner, Huntington Library.

Papers of Gen. Thomas W. Sweeney, Huntington Library.

Telegram on opening of war from Charleston, Chicago Historical Society.

Papers of Eli Thayer, Widener Library, Harvard University.

Diary of Gilbert Thompson, Library of Congress.

Robert Toombs Letters, Palmer Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society.

S. C. Turnbo, mss., History of the 27th Arkansas Confederate Regiment, the J. N. Heiskell Collection, Little Rock, Ark.

Robert H. Turner, “Recollections of the Virginia Convention of 1861,” Virginia State Historical Society, Richmond, Va.

Mark Twain Papers, University of California Library.

E. A. Valentine Letters, Valentine Museum, Richmond, Va.

Papers of C. S. Venable, Barker Texas History Center, University of Texas.

Virginia in 1861, unsigned memorandum, Western Reserve Historical Society.

War letters of C. I. Walker, Barker Texas History Center, University of Texas.

Cornelius Walker Diary, Confederate Memorial Literary Society, Richmond, Va.

W. H. Walker, mss., Palmer Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society.

Wallace-Dickey Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

Papers of Gideon Welles, Huntington Library.

Papers of Gideon Welles, Illinois State Historical Library.

Papers of Gideon Welles, Library of Congress.

Gideon Welles, draft of an article, The Collector, Nevins’ Notes.

Horace White Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

Wigfall Papers, University of Texas.

Charles Copland Wight Diary, Virginia State Historical Society.

Wilhams-Chesnut-Manning Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.

William B. Wilson, mss., Lincoln File, Huntington Library.

Robert C. Winthrop Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.

Henry A. Wise, Miscellaneous Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.

Horatio Woodman Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.

John L. Worden Statement, Palmer Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society.

William L. Yancey Papers, Library of Congress.

Papers of Richard Yates, Illinois State Historical Library.

SECTION
III:
Newspapers

Extensive use has been made of newspapers covering the period treated in this book. In many cases, quotations have been made from newspaper articles or editorials reprinted in such books as Moore’s
Rebellion Record
, McMaster’s
A History of the People of the United States
, Perkins’
Northern Editorials on Secession
, Fite’s
Presidential Campaign of 1860
, Dumond’s
Southern Editorials on Secession
, etc. In addition, individual copies or microfilms of the following journals were consulted:

The Arkansas Gazette
, Little Rock, Ark.

Arkansas True Democrat
, Little Rock, Ark.

Berry ville
(Va.)
Conservator
.

Campaign Plain Dealer and Popular Sovereignty Advocate
.

Charleston Daily Courier
.

Charleston Mercury
.

Chicago Democrat
.

Chicago Tribune
.

Cincinnati Daily Commercial
.

De Bow’s Review
.

Frankfort
(Ky.)
Commonwealth
.

Harper’s Weekly
.

Lexington
(Ky.)
Observer and Reporter
.

The Liberator
.

Montgomery
(Ala.)
Daily Mail
.

Montgomery Daily Post
.

Montgomery Weekly Advertiser
.

Montgomery Weekly Confederation
.

Montgomery Weekly Mail
.

Montgomery Weekly Post
.

Natchez
(Miss.)
Courier
.

National Intelligencer
, Washington, D.C.

New York Daily Tribune
.

New York Herald
.

New York Leader
.

New York Times
.

New York Times Book Review
.

New York Weekly Tribune
.

The Railsplitter
, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Richmond Dispatch
.

Richmond Enquirer
.

Richmond Examiner
.

Richmond Whig
.

Richmond Whig & Public Advertiser
.

Sacramento Union
.

Southern Literary Messenger
.

Southern Watchman
, Athens, Ga.

Springfield
(Mass.)
Republican
.

Squatter Sovereign
, Havana, Ill.

Terre Haute
(Ind.)
Daily Express
.

Washington
(Ark.)
Telegraph
.

West Virginia Hillbilly
.

Winchester
(Va.)
Times
.

SECTION
IV:
Books, Pamphlets, and Periodicals

Abbott, Martin, The First Shot at Fort Sumter, Civil War History, March 1957.

A Cycle of Adams Letters 1861-1865, edited by Worthington Chauncey Ford, two vols., Boston, 1920.

Adams, Charles Francis, Charles Francis Adams by His Son, Boston, 1900.

Adams, Charles Francis, The Memorial Address of Charles Francis Adams, of Massachusetts on the Life, Character, and Services of William H. Seward, New York, 1873.

Adams, Charles Francis, Richard Henry Dana, A Biography, Boston, 1890.

Adams, Charles Francis, Studies Military and Diplomatic 1775-1865, New York, 1911.

Adams, Charles Francis, Trans-Atlantic Historical Solidarity; Lectures Delivered Before the University of Oxford in Easter and Trinity Terms 1913, Oxford, 1913.

Adams, Henry, The Education of Henry Adams, Boston, 1918.

Adams, Henry, Great Secession Winter of 1860-61, Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Vol. XLIII, Boston, 1910.

Adams, John and John Quincy, Selected Writings of John and John Quincy Adams, edited by Adrienne Koch and William Peden, New York, 1946.

Alleged Assault on Senator Sumner, Report No. 182, House of Representatives, 34th Congress 1st Session, Washington, 1856.

Alexander, Edward Porter, Military Memoirs of a Confederate, New York, 1907.

The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1861, New York, 1866 (known as Appleton’s Cyclopaedia).

American Military History 1607-1953, Department of the Army ROTC Manual, July 1959.

Anderson, Galusha, A Border City During the Civil War, Boston, 1908.

Anderson, Osborne P., A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, Boston, 1861.

Anderson, Robert, An Artillery Officer in the Mexican War 1846-47, Letters of Robert Anderson, New York, 1911.

Anderson, Robert, Fort Sumter Memorial, New York, 1915.

Anderson, Thomas McArthur, The Political Conspiracies Preceding the
Rebellion or The True Stories of Sumter and Pickens, New York, 1882.

Angle, Paul, Here I Have Lived; A History of Lincoln’s Springfield 1821-1865, New Brunswick, 1935.

Angle, Paul M., Lincoln in the Year 1858, Springfield, 1926.

Anspach, Frederick, The Sons of the Sires; A History of the Rise, Progress, and Destiny of the American Party, and Its Probable Influence on the Next Presidential Election, Philadelphia, 1855.

Auchampaugh, Philip Gerald, James Buchanan and His Cabinet on the Eve of Secession, Lancaster, Pa., 1926.

Ballard, Colin R., The Military Genius of Abraham Lincoln, New York, 1952.

Bancroft, Frederic, Calhoun and the South Carolina Nullification Movement, Baltimore, 1928.

Bancroft, Frederic, The Life of William H. Seward, New York, 1900.

Barbee, David R. and Bonham, Milledge L., Jr., Fort Sumter Again, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XXVIII, 1941.

Baringer, William Eldon, Campaign Technique in Illinois-1860, Springfield, 1932.

Baringer, William E., A House Dividing; Lincoln as President Elect, Springfield, 1945.

Baringer, William, Lincoln, Lincoln’s Rise to Power, Boston, 1937.

Barnard, J. G., The C.S.A., and the Battle of Bull Run, 1862.

Barnes, Thurlow Weed, Memoir of Thurlow Weed, two vols., Boston, 1884.

Barrett, Edwin S., What I Saw at Bull Run, Boston, 1886.

Basler, Roy, Abraham Lincoln; His Speeches and Writings, Cleveland, 1946.

Basler, Roy, Editor, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, eight vols., New Brunswick, N.J., 1953.

Bassett, John Spencer, Anti-Slavery Leaders of North Carolina, Baltimore, 1898.

Bates, David Homer, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office, New York, 1907.

Bates, Edward, The Diary of Edward Bates, Washington, 1933.

Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Johnson, Robert Underwood and Buel, Clarence Clough, editors, four vols., New York, 1887.

Beale, H. K., What Historians Have Said about the Causes of the Civil War, Theory and Practice in Historical Study, New York, 1946.

Beard, Charles A. and Beard, Mary R., The Rise of American Civilization, 2 vols. New York, 1947.

Beatty, John, Memoirs of a Volunteer 1861-1865, New York, 1946.

Beauregard, G. T., The Battle of Bull Run, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War.

Beauregard, Gen. P. G. T., A Commentary on the Campaign and Battle of Manassas of July, 1861, New York, 1891.

Beebe, Gilbert J., A Review and Refutation of Helper’s “Impending Crisis,” Middletown, N.Y., 1860.

Benton, Thomas Hart, Historical and Legal Examination of that part of the Decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the Dred Scott Case, which declared the Unconstitutionality of the Missouri Compromise Act, and the Self-Extension of the Constitution to Territories, Carrying Slavery Along with it, New York, 1857.

Berger, John, The Private History of a Campaign That Failed, Civil War History, March, 1955.

Bernardo, C. Joseph and Bacon, Eugene H., American Military Policy, Its Development Since 1775, Harrisburg, 1955.

Betts, Samuel R., Opinion of Hon. Samuel R. Betts in the Cases of the Hiawatha and Other Vessels Captured as Prizes, New York, 1861.

Beveridge, Albert J., Abraham Lincoln 1809-1858, Boston, 1928.

Bevier, R. S., History of the First and Second Missouri Confederate Brigades, 1861-1865, St. Louis, 1879.

Bigelow, John, Retrospections of an Active Life, two vols., New York, 1909.

Blackford, Susan Leigh, Letters from Lee’s Army, New York, 1947.

Blackwell, Sarah Ellen, A Military Genius; Life of Anna Ella Carroll of Maryland, Vol. I, Washington, 1891.

Blaine, James G., Twenty Years of Congress; From Lincoln to Garfield, two vols., Norwich, Conn., 1884.

Boston Slave Riot, and Trial of Anthony Burns, Boston, 1854.

Botts, John Minor, The Great Rebellion; Its Secret History, Rise, Progress, and Disastrous Failure, New York, 1886.

Boucher, C. S., The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, Chicago, 1916.

Bowditch, William I., The Rendition of Anthony Burns, Boston, 1854.

Boynton, Charles B., The History of the Navy During the Rebellion, two vols., New York, 1867.

Britton, Wiley, Union and Confederate Indians in the Civil War, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War.

Brown, E. R., The Twenty-Seventh Indiana Volunteer Infantry in the War of the Rebellion 1861 to 1865; First Division 12th and 20th Corps., 1899.

Brown, George William, Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861, Baltimore, 1887.

Browne, Francis Fisher, The Every-Day Life of Abraham Lincoln, Chicago, 1913.

Browning, Orville H., The Diary of, edited by Theodore Calvin Pease and James G. Randall, Springfield, 1927.

Bruce, Robert V., Lincoln and the Tools of War, Indianapolis, 1956.

Buchanan, James, The Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion, London, 1865.

Buckingham, J. S., The Slave States of America, London, about 1842.

Buell, Augustus, The Cannoneer, Washington, 1890.

Buell, Don Carlos, Operations in North Alabama, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War.

Burgess, John W., The Middle Period, 1817-1858, New York, 1905.

Bushnell, Horace, Reverses Needed. A Discourse Delivered on the Sunday after the Disaster of Bull Run, in the North Church, Hartford, 1861.

Butler, Benjamin F., Butler’s Book, Boston, 1892.

Calhoun, John C., Works of John C. Calhoun, six vols., edited by Richard K. Cralle, New York, 1883.

Campbell, James E., Sumner-Brooks-Burlingame-or-the Last of the Great Challenges, Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications, Vol. XXXIV, Columbus, 1926.

Campbell, John Archibald, The Administration and The Confederate States—letters and correspondence between Hon. John A. Campbell and Hon. Wm. H. Seward, all of which was laid before the Provisional Congress on Saturday by President Davis, 1861.

Campbell, John A., Papers of Hon. John A. Campbell—1861-1865, Southern Historical Society Papers, October 1917.

Campbell, Mary R., Tennessee and The Union, 1847-1861, Reprinted from The East Tennessee Historical Society’s Publication, No. 10, 1938.

Carnathan, W. J., The Proposal to Reopen the African Slave Trade in the South, 1854-1860, South Atlantic Quarterly, October 1926.

Carr, Joseph B., Operations of 1861 About Fort Monroe, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War.

Carroll, Anna Ella, The Star of the West; or, National Men and National Measures, James French and Company, Boston, 1857.

Carroll, Anna Ella, The Great American Battle; or, the Contest between Christianity and Political Romanism, New York, 1856.

Carroll, Joseph Cephas, Slave Insurrections in the United States, 1800-1865, Boston, 1938.

Carson, James Petigru, Life, Letters and Speeches of James Louis Petigru, The Union Man of South Carolina, Washington, 1920.

Caskey, Willie Malvin, Secession and Restoration of Louisiana, University, La., 1938.

Casler, John O., Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, Guthrie, Oklahoma, 1893.

Catton, Bruce, Glory Road, Garden City, New York, 1952.

Catton, Bruce, Mr. Lincoln’s Army, Garden City, New York, 1951.

Catton, Bruce, A Stillness at Appomattox, Garden City, New York, 1953.

Catton, Bruce, This Hallowed Ground, Garden City, New York, 1956.

Census Reports, U.S., various.

Chadwick, French Ensor, Causes of the Civil War, 1859-1861, New York, 1906.

Channing, Edward, The United States of America, New York, 1897.

Channing, Edward, A History of the United States, New York, 1925.

Charleston Under Arms, The Atlantic Monthly, April 1861.

Chase, Salmon P., Diary and Correspondence of, Washington, 1903.

Chase, Salmon P., Inside Lincoln’s Cabinet; The Civil War Diaries of Salmon P. Chase, edited by David Donald, New York, 1954.

Chesnut, Mary Boykin, A Diary from Dixie, New York, 1929.

Chester, James, Inside Sumter in ’61, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War.

Childs, Arney Robinson, The Private Journal of Henry William Ravenel, Columbia, S.C., 1947.

Chittenden, L. E., A Report of the Debates and Proceedings in the Secret Sessions of the Confederate Convention, for Proposing Amendments to the Constitution of the United States, held at Washington, D.C., in February, A.D., 1861, New York, 1864.

Chittenden, L. E., Recollections of President Lincoln and His Administration, New York, 1891.

Clark, Victor S., History of Manufactures in the United States, 2 vols. New York, 1929.

Clark, Walter, Histories of the Several Regiments and Battalions from North Carolina in the Great War 1861-65, Raleigh, 1901.

Clarke, James Freeman, A Discourse on Christian Politics, Boston, 1854.

Clay, Henry, Speech of the Hon. Henry Clay of Kentucky, On Taking Up His Compromise Resolutions on the Subject of Slavery, as reported by the
National Intelligencer
, New York, 1850.

Clemens, Will M., Mark Twain, Chicago, 1894.

Clement, Edward Henry, The Bull Run Rout, In Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society for March 1909, Cambridge, 1909.

Cobb, Thomas R. R., Member of the Secession Convention of Georgia, of the Provisional Congress, and a Brigadier-General of the Confederate States Army. Extracts from Letters to his Wife, February 3, 1861-December 10, 1862, Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. XXVIII, Richmond, 1900.

Cobb, Thomas Reade Rootes, The Correspondence of Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb, 1860-1862, Washington, 1907.

Cohn, Davis L., The Life and Times of King Cotton, New York, 1956.

Coit, Margaret L., John C. Calhoun, American Patriot, Boston, 1950.

Cole, Arthur Charles, The Irrepressible Conflict 1850-1865, New York, 1934.

Coleman, Mrs. A. M. B., The Life of John J. Crittenden, two vols., Philadelphia, 1871.

Colton, Calvin, The Life and Times of Henry Clay, two vols., New York, 1846.

Commager, Henry Steele, The Blue and the Gray, two vols., Indianapolis, 1950.

Commager, Henry Steele, Documents of American History, New York, 1949.

Confederate Flags, Richmond.

The Confederate States Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge for 1862, Vicksburg, Miss., 1861.

Congressional Globe, Washington, various volumes.

Connelley, William E., A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans, Chicago, 1918.

Connor, Henry G., John Archibald Campbell, Boston, 1920.

Conway, Moncure Daniel, Autobiography, Memories and Experiences, Boston and New York, 1904.

Coulter, E. Merton, The Confederate States of America, 1861-1865, Baton Rouge, 1950.

Cowley, Charles, Leaves from a Lawyer’s Life Afloat and Ashore, Lowell, Mass., 1879.

Cox, Jacob D., McClellan in West Virginia, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War.

Cox, Jacob D., War Preparations in the North, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War.

Craven, Avery, The Coming of the Civil War, New York, 1942. Also second Revised Edition, New York, 1957.

Craven, Avery, Coming of the War between the States; An Interpretation, The Journal of Southern History, Aug., 1936.

Craven, Avery, Edmund Ruffin, Southerner, New York, 1932.

Craven, Avery, The Growth of Southern Nationalism 1848-1861, Baton Rouge, 1953.

Craven, Avery, The Repressible Conflict 1830-1861, University, Louisiana, 1939.

Craven, Avery, Slavery and the Civil War, The Southern Review, Vol. IV, 1938-39.

Crawford, Samuel Wylie, The Genesis of the Civil War; The Story of Sumter 1860-61, New York, 1887.

Crenshaw, Ollinger, The Slave States in the Presidential Election of 1860, Baltimore, 1945.

Criswell, Robert, Uncle Tom’s Cabin Contrasted with Buckingham Hall, the Planter’s Home, or A Fair View of Both Sides of the Slavery Question. New York, 1852.

Croly, Herbert, The Promise of American Life, New York, 1914.

Cross, Nelson, Life of General Grant: His Political Record, Etc., New York, 1872.

Crotty, D. G., Four Years Campaign in the Army of the Potomac, Grand Rapids, 1874.

Curry, J. L. M., Civil History of the Government of the Confederate States with some Personal Reminiscences, Richmond, 1901.

Curtis, Francis, The Republican Party, New York, 1904.

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