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15
. J. M. Opal,
Beyond the Farm: National Ambitions in Rural New England
(Philadelphia, 2008), 97, 104–9.

16
. Daniel Walker Howe, “Church, State, and Education in the Young American Republic,”
JER
, 22 (2002), 1–24.

17
. BR to Richard Price, 25 May 1786,
Letters of Rush
, 1: 388–90.

18
. Editorial Note,
Letters of Rush
, 1: lxvii.

19
. George W. Corner, ed.,
The Autobiography of Benjamin Rush
(1948; Westport, CT, 1970), 161; D’Elia, “Rush and the American Medical Revolution,” 101–2; BR, “The Influence of Physical Causes upon the Moral Faculty” (1786), in Runes, ed.,
Selected Writings of Rush
, 209.

20
. David S. Shields,
Civil Tongues and Polite Letters in British America
(Chapel Hill, 1997), 316–17.

21
. Richard L. Bushman, “The Early History of Cleanliness in America,”
JAH
, 74 (1988), 1215–17; Kathleen M. Brown,
Foul Bodies: Cleanliness in Early America
(New Haven, 2009).

22
. Russell B. Nye,
The Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776–1830
(New York, 1960), 134; Konstantin Dierks, “Letter Writing, Gender, and Class in America, 1750–1800” (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1999),
ch. 7
.

23
. Andrew Burstein,
Sentimental Democracy: The Evolution of America’s Romantic Self-Image
(New York, 1999), 169.

24
. Shields,
Civil Tongues and Polite Letters
, 322–23.

25
. Richard D. Brown,
The Strength of a People: The Idea of an Informed Citizenry in America, 1650–1870
(Chapel Hill, 1996), 85–118.

26
. Louis L. Tucker,
Clio’s Consort: Jeremy Belknap and the Founding of the Massachusetts Historical Society
(Boston, 1990), 95.

27
. Len Travers, “‘In the Greatest Solemn Dignity’: The Capitol Cornerstone and Ceremony in the Early Republic,” Steven C. Bullock, “‘Sensible Signs’: The Emblematic Education of the Post-Revolutionary Freemasonry,” and James Steven Curl, “The Capitol in Washington, D.C., and Its Freemason Connections,” all in Donald R. Kennon, ed., A
Republic for the Ages: The United States Capitol and the Political Culture of the Early Republic
(Charlottesville, 1999), 155–76, 177–213, 214–67.

28
. Frank Luther Mott,
A History of American Magazines 1741–1850
(New York, 1930), 28–38.

29
. Richard R. John,
Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse
(Cambridge, MA, 1995), 50, 8, 54, 17–18.

30
. John,
Spreading the News
, 3, 4, 25–63.

31
. Allen R. Pred,
Urban Growth and the Circulation of Information: The United States System of Cities, 1790–1840
(Cambridge, MA, 1975), 36–42; John,
Spreading the News
, 17–18; Brown,
Strength of a People
, 85–118.

32
. John,
Spreading the News,
36–42.

33
. Alfred M. Lee,
The Daily Newspaper in America
(New York, 1937), 715–17; Frank Luther Mott,
American Journalism: A History of American Newspapers in the United States Through 250 Years, 1690–1940
(New York, 1941), 159, 167; Merle Curti,
The Growth of American Thought
, 3rd ed. (New York, 1964), 209; Donald H. Stewart,
The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period
(Albany, 1969), 15, 624.

34
. Richard R. John and Christopher J. Young, “Rites of Passage: Postal Petitioning as a Tool of Governance in the Age of Federalism,” in Kenneth R. Bowling and Donald R. Kennon, eds.,
The House and Senate in the 1790s: Petitioning, Lobbying, and Institutional Development
(Athens, OH, 2002), 129.

35
. J. M. Opal,
Beyond the Farm: National Ambitions in Rural New England
(Philadelphia, 2008), 56–63.

36
. TJ, Message to Congress, 19 Feb. 1808, in James D. Richardson, ed.,
A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897
(Washington, DC, 1900), 1: 429.

37
. Wallace Hutcheon Jr.,
Robert Fulton: Pioneer of Undersea Warfare
(Annapolis, 1981), 114–15.

38
. Hutcheon,
Robert Fulton
, 4–15, 114–15.

39
. Hutcheon,
Robert Fulton
, 117.

40
. Kenneth L. Sokoloff, “Inventive Activity in Early Industrial America: Evidence from Patent Records,”
Journal of Economic History
, 48 (1988), 813–50.

41
. TJ, Sixth Annual Message, 2 Dec. 1806,
Jefferson: Writings
, 529.

42
. John Lauritz Larson,
Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States
(Chapel Hill, 2001), 67–68.

43
. Gordon S. Wood,
The Radicalism of the American Revolution
(New York, 1992), 192.

44
. TJ to Maria Cosway, 12 Oct. 1786,
Papers of Jefferson
, 10: 447–48.

45
. Merrill Jensen,
The New Nation: A History of the United States During the Confederation, 1781–1789
(New York, 1950), 141.

46
. Conrad E. Wright,
The Transformation of Charity in Post-Revolutionary New England
(Boston, 1992), 63.

47
. Edward Dorr Griffin,
Sermon, Preached August 11, 1811, for the Benefit of the Portsmouth Female Asylum
(Boston, 1811), 16.

48
.
American Museum
, 5 (1789), 555; Richard D. Brown, “The Emergence of Urban Society in Rural Massachusetts, 1760–1820,”
JAH
, 61 (1974), 29–51; Richard D. Brown, “The Emergence of Voluntary Associations in Massachusetts, 1760–1830,”
Journal of Voluntary Action Research
, 2 (1973), 64–73; Albrecht Koschnik,
“Let a Common Interest Bind Us Together”: Associations, Partisanship, and Culture in Philadelphia, 1775–1840
(Charlottesville, 2007).

49
. BR, “To the Ministers of All Denominations,” 21 June 1788,
Letters of Rush
, 1: 461–62; Lyman Beecher,
A Reformation of Morals Practicable and Indispensable: A Sermon Delivered at New Haven on the Evening of October 27, 1812
(Andover, MA, 1814), 18.

50
. “Formation and Constitution of the Columbia Moral Society,”
Columbia Magazine
, 1 (1814–1815), 179–85.

51
. Dewitt Clinton,
An Address, Delivered Before the Holland Lodge, December 24, 1793
(New York, 1794), 15.

52
. Raymond A. Mohl,
Poverty in New York, 1783–1825
(New York, 1971), 166.

53
. M. J. Heale, “Humanitarianism in the Early Republic: The Moral Reformers of New York, 1776–1825,”
Journal of American Studies
, 2 (1968), 161–75; Clare A. Lyons,
Sex Among the Rabble: An Intimate History of Gender and Power in the Age of Revolution, Philadelphia, 1730–1830
(Chapel Hill, 2006), 321–22, 354–95.

54
. Oliver Wendell Elsbree,
The Rise of the Missionary Spirit in America, 1790–1815
(Williamsport, PA, 1928), 63.

55
. Elsbree,
Rise of the Missionary Spirit
, 64.

56
. William R. Hutchison,
Errand to the World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Missions
(Chicago, 1987), 43–61.

57
.
Recollections of Samuel Breck
, ed. H. E. Scudder (Philadelphia, 1877), 36–37; Linda Kealey, “Patterns of Punishment in Massachusetts in the Eighteenth Century,”
American Journal of Legal History
, 30 (1986), 163–76.

58
. Louis Masur,
Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776–1865
(New York, 1989), 72.

59
. Lynn Hunt,
Inventing Human Rights: A History
(New York, 2007), 76.

60
. Masur,
Rites of Execution
, 37.

61
. Masur,
Rites of Execution
, 77;
American Museum
, 7 (March 1790), 137.

62
. Masur,
Rites of Execution
, 72.

63
. TJ, A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments in Cases Heretofore Capital (1776–1786),
Papers of Jefferson
, 2: 492–507.

64
. Masur,
Rites of Execution
, 65, 71, 80–82, 88, 87; Adam J. Hirsch, “From Pillory to Penitentiary: The Rise of Criminal Incarceration in Early Massachusetts,”
Michigan Law Review,
80 (1982), 1179–269; Linda Kealey, “Patterns of Punishment: Massachusetts in the Eighteenth Century,”
American Journal of Legal History
, 30 (1986), 1631–76; Michael Meranze, “The Penitential Ideal in Late Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia,”
Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog
., 108 (1984), 419–50; Bradley Chapin, “Felony Law Reform in the Early Republic,”
Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog
., 113 (1989), 163–83; Thomas Paine,
Rights of Man
(1791), in Philip S. Foner, ed.,
The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine
(New York, 1969), 1: 265–66; Hunt,
Inventing Human Rights
, 112.

65
. Michael Meranze,
Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760–1835
(Chapel Hill, 1996), 71; Masur,
Rites of Execution
, 82.

66
. Adam Jay Hirsch,
The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America
(New Haven, 1992), 61–66.

67
. John Melish,
Travels Through the United States of America in the Years 1806 and 1807, and 1809, 1810, and 1811
(London, 1813), 124.

68
. Michael Grossberg,
Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America
(Chapel Hill, 1985), 3; JA,
Diary and Autobiography
, 1: 123.

69
. Christopher Clark,
Social Change in America: From the Revolution Through the Civil War
(Chicago, 2006), 71.

70
. Abigail Adams to JA, 31 March 1776, in Margaret A. Hogan and C. James Taylor, eds.,
My Dearest Friend: Letters of Abigail and John Adams
(Cambridge, MA, 2007), 110.

71
. Mary Kelley,
Private Women, Public Stage: Literary Domesticity in Nineteenth-Century America
(New York, 1984), 65.

72
. David C. Ward,
Charles Willson Peale: Art and Selfhood in the Early Republic
(Berkeley, 2004), 136–39.

73
. Mary Beth Norton,
Liberty’s Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750–1800
(Boston, 1980) 240–41, 235.

74
. George Sensabaugh,
Milton in Early America
(Princeton, 1964), 195–217.

75
. Linda K. Kerber,
Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America
(Chapel Hill, 1980); Jan Lewis, “The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic,”
WMQ
, 44 (1987), 689–712.

76
. Frank L. Dewey, “Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on Divorce,”
WMQ
, 39 (1982), 212–23; Nancy F. Cott, “Divorce and the Changing Status of Women in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts,”
WMQ
, 33 (1976), 586–614; Sheldon S. Cohen, “The Broken Bond: Divorce in Providence County, 1749–1809,” in Patrick T. Conley, ed.,
Liberty and Justice: A History of Law and Lawyers in Rhode Island, 1636–1998
(East Providence, 1998), 224–37; Mary Beth Sievens,
Stray Wives: Marital Conflict in Early National New England
(New York, 2005); Sarah Leavitt, “‘She Hath Left My Bed and Board’: Runaway Wives in Rhode Island, 1790–1810,”
Rhode Island History
, 58 (2000), 91–104; Sara Tabak Damiano, “From the Shadows of the Bar: Law and Women’s Legal Literacy in Eighteenth-Century Newport” (Honors thesis, Brown University, 2008), 122–54.

77
. Stanley N. Katz, “Republicanism and the Law of Inheritance in the American Revolutionary Era,”
Michigan Law Review
, 76 (1977), 1–29; Holly Brewer,
By Birth or Consent: Children, Law, and the Anglo-American Revolution in Authority
(Chapel Hill, 2005).

78
. Frank Luther Mott,
Golden Multitudes: The Story of Best Sellers in the United States
(New York, 1960), 40, 30; James D. Hart,
The Popular Book: A History of America’s Literary Taste
(Berkeley, 1961), 61; Lewis, “Republican Wife,” 696.