How Music Got Free (30 page)

Macintosh systems, mp3 and, 62, 132–33

Mannie Fresh (artist), 81, 154

Marilyn Manson (artist), 77, 79

market research, Morris’s reliance on, 42–50, 156–57, 190, 198–99

Marshall Mathers LP
(album),
The
,
124–25

Messier, Jean-Marie, 122, 155

Metallica (band), 73, 202

Microsoft, 87, 128–30, 133

Middelhoff, Thomas, 116–17, 119

mixtapes, Internet distribution of, 201–2

Mnookin, Seth, 227–29

Mohan, Edward, 248, 251

MojoNation peer-to-peer network, 166–67

Montejano, Richard (RickOne) (OSC leader), 221–22, 248–49

Morris, Doug

advertising streaming revenue, 231–38

artists’ relationships with, 112–13, 120–21, 158–59, 191, 229–32

at Atlantic Records, 39–42

bootlegged music and, 84–85

Cash Money records and, 80, 113. 200, 202

earnings of, 189–90, 227, 260

Ertegun and, 39–42, 46, 48, 191, 199, 278n

Iovine and, 45–47

Jay-Z and, 103, 237

Jobs and, 155–57, 192–93, 227–28, 235–37

market research skills of, 42–50, 156–57, 190, 198–99, 228–29

MCA Music Entertainment Group and, 75–79

Napster, reaction to, 117–20

payola scandal and, 196–98

PolyGram merger and, 102–3

Project Hubcap lawsuits and, 158–61, 193

rap music expansion and, 148–51,
154–55, 221

as Sony Music CEO, 260

Universal Music Group and, 79–85, 111–12, 153, 155

Vevo and, 232–38, 261

Vivendi merger and, 122–25, 158–59, 189–92, 225–38

as Warner Music Group CEO, 37–38, 42–46, 50–51

Wired
magazine interview and, 227–30

Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)

DVD technology and, 165

mp3 development and, 17–20, 61–62, 94, 97–98, 127, 134

organizational structure of, 274n

Philips lobbying of, 20–21

psychoacoustic compression competition held by, 17–19, 53

support of mp2, 5–6, 20–25, 58

mp2 technology

MPEG endorsement of, 20–25

popularity of, 5, 53, 192

mp3 technology

bootlegged music using, 85, 88–89

Brandenburg’s development of, 2–6, 16, 18–21, 53–58, 128

commercial success of, 87

copy-protectable version of, 90

encoding process, 282n

Morris’ reaction to, 117–18, 120–21, 193

MPEG endorsement of, 20

music piracy and, 72–73, 193

patents on, 56–58, 90–91, 93–96, 128–29

player development for, 58–60, 125–26

psychoacoustic research and, 7–16, 128

recording industry resistance to, 5–6, 56–57, 90–92

MPMan player, 97, 259

MTV, 40, 179, 192–93

Murphy, George, 255–58

MUSICAM, 18–21, 24–25, 55, 60–61, 94, 97, 128, 134

Music Explosion (band), 43–44, 123

music festivals, growth of, 233–38, 260–61

music retailers

as prerelease source, 144–45, 176–77

price collusion and, 114

sales figures for, 43, 154

music videos, syndication of, 232–38, 260–61

Napster, 244

emergence of, 114–21

impact on recording industry of,
156–57, 244

mp3 technology and, 128, 130–31

peer-to-peer file-sharing and, 160, 165

portable player development and, 125–26

National Hockey League, 54–55

NEET demographic, 209–14

NetFraCk (piracy leader), 72–73

NFO files, Scene’s use of, 140–41, 182,
216, 219

Nicks, Stevie, 41, 45

Nine Inch Nails (band), 77, 208

No Doubt (band), 77, 79

Nominet domain name, 212–14

Ogg Vorbis, 132, 259

Oink’s Pink Palace, 170–74, 205–14, 239–43, 252, 263

Old Skool Classics (OSC) piracy group, 179, 220–22, 248–49

open-source software, 132, 168, 170–71, 259

Operation Buccaneer, 147–48, 162, 194

Operation Fastlink, 162–63, 182, 195, 203, 239, 257–58

organized crime, bootlegged music and, 67–68, 71–74, 83–85

Outkast, 108, 143–44, 148, 179

Pandora, 253, 261

Parker, Sean, 116–17

patent law, mp3 protections and, 95–96

PC systems, mp3 player development and, 55–56, 59, 62, 85

peer-to-peer file-sharing, 114–18, 121–22

lawsuits against, 158–61, 165, 225–26

Napster and, 160, 167

prerelease leaks and, 157–58

quality and distribution problems with, 165–67, 171–72

torrent technology and, 166–70, 226–27

Philips corporation

format wars and, 19–20, 59, 67, 94, 97, 134

mp2 promotion by, 20–25, 53

PolyGram division of, 32–33, 78, 82

Seagram purchase of PolyGram from, 82–85, 101

Physical Graffiti
(album), 48, 199

Pink Moon
(album), 205–6, 240

piracy, origin of term, 278n

Pirate Bay torrent site, 168–71, 173, 184, 207, 209, 240, 242–43, 252

Pirate Party, formation of, 242–45

PlayStation piracy, 108, 186

PolyGram division of Philips corporation, 32–33, 78, 82–85, 101, 111–12

EDC takeover of, 191–92, 215

marquee releases at, 136

PolyGram Kings Mountain manufacturing plant

closing of, 253

compact disc production at, 27–29

Glover’s employment at, 32–33, 175–76

Interscope distribution deal with, 73, 78

“No Theft Tolerated” standard at, 32

security system at, 67–68, 103–5, 135–39

smuggling activity at, 35, 67, 103–8, 135, 149–51, 176–88

Universal’s acquisition of, 84–85, 101–3

polyphase quadrature filter bank, 19–21

Popp, Harald, 13, 53, 56–59, 88, 93–95, 97–98, 130–31, 134

portable music players, 125–27

Prabhu, Jay, 194–96, 203, 252, 257

prerelease leaks

Oink’s Pink Palace and, 209–14

Scene involvement with, 72–73, 139–41, 144–45, 184–88

sources for, 144–45, 157–58, 176–77, 185–88

streaming technology and, 261–62

Pressplay online music store, 119, 157, 228

Project Hubcap lawsuits, 159–60, 166, 193, 225–26

psychoacoustic compression technology

AAC applications, 60, 88, 96–98

Brandenburg’s development of, 60, 88

competing research in, 7–17, 128

human speech and, 16

mp2 use of, 5, 20–25

mp3 use of, 7–16, 53–58

MPEG evaluation of, 17–19, 53

studio engineers’ reaction to, 91–92

Zwicker’s contributions to, 7–16, 18–19

publishing rights as revenue stream, 234–38, 260–61

Rabid Neurosis.
See
RNS

radio play statistics, 43, 196–200

recording industry

collusion in, 114

Congress and, 119–21

decline of, 83–85, 189

Morris’ career in, 42–51

mp3 development and, 56–57

Napster and, 114–21

payola scandal in, 196–97

performance targets and short-term results in, 123–24

profitability in 1990s of, 79–80

resistance to technology in, 90–93

Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)

Brandenburg’s meeting with, 90–92

lobbying activities of, 90–91

Napster and, 115, 121

Project Hubcap lawsuits and, 159–61, 193, 225–26

surveillance of the Scene by, 161–63, 217

record stores.
See
music retailers

Reyes, Jonathan, 203, 249

Reznor, Trent, 77, 208

Rhapsody, 253, 261

Rhone, Sylvia, 191, 202

RIAA vs. Diamond Multimedia Systems,
121, 125–26, 157, 165, 192

RiSC_ISO piracy group, 147–48

Rivera, Domingo, 255–57, 262

RNS

albums leaked by, 72–73, 139–41, 144–45, 184–88

audience demographics for releases by, 179–80, 215–16

command structure of, 105–8, 140–44, 149–51, 178–79, 181–88

counterintelligence campaign of, 182–88

dominance of piracy by, 176–88,
215–17, 252

law enforcement surveillance of, 180, 194–203, 249–52

nullification of illegal activities of, 255–58

Oink’s Pink Palace competition with, 211–14

RIAA surveillance of, 162–63

shutdown of, 216–22, 248–52

Rolling Stone
magazine, 181–82, 202–3, 221

Rosen, Hilary, 115–16, 118–20, 159–60

Rowling, J. K., 211–14

royalty payments to musicians, 235–38

Saehan International, 93, 95, 97, 259

satellite dish, prerelease leaks using, 185–86

Saunders, Patrick

albums released by, 179

as “Da_Live_One,” 178–79

Glover’s contact with, 219–20

as informant, 250–51, 254, 256–57, 262

RNS involvement of, 178–79, 181, 217

surveillance of, 248–49

Scarface (artist), 148–49

“The Scene,” 88–89

aging out of members of, 216–17

Glover’s association with, 105–9, 139–40, 175–77, 184–88

journalism investigations into, 181–82

law enforcement surveillance of, 147–48, 162–63, 180, 193–203

leaks from, 184–88

movie bootlegging and, 146–51, 165

NFO files released by, 140–41

organizational structure of, 72, 105–8, 140–46, 180–88, 262

pirating protocols developed by,
139–40, 148

rival groups within, 176–79

topsite servers for, 107–9, 146

torrent tracking, 169, 173

Scorpions (band), 19, 59

Seagram corporation, 75–77, 81–82, 101, 118, 122–23, 155, 157

Seitzer, Dieter, 7–9, 11–13, 15–16, 22, 88, 259

Shumaker, Mark, 193–94

Sims, Chaney, 150–51, 175

Snoop Dogg, 34, 48–50, 77–78

software piracy, 71–72, 186

Sony corporation

decline of recording industry and,
192, 215

mp3 technology and, 60, 93

music piracy and, 85, 154, 189

Napster and, 119

portable music players and, 127

Project Hubcap lawsuits and, 159

sound quality, 7–16, 19, 89–92, 128

Spitzer, Eliot, 196–98, 200

Spotify, 253, 261

Stahler, Jacob, 194–96, 262

Stein, Alex, 241–42

streaming of music

Adar’s vision for, 56–57

advertising and, 230–38

growth of, 260–61

recording industry adoption of, 253, 261

recording industry early disregard of, 56–57. 89–92

Seitzer’s patent application for, 8

Svartholm Warg, Gottfrid, 169, 242–43

Tai, Simon

albums leaked by, 143–45

lack of charges against, 251, 262

RNS involvement of, 143–45, 216–17

as “RST,” 143

Telos Systems, 53–55, 87

Tha Carter
albums I, II, and III, 154, 179, 200, 226

Thomas, Jammie, 225, 243

Thomson SA corporation, 17, 57–60, 94, 127

“360” deals, 234–35

Thriller
(album), 84, 234

Time Warner corporation

AOL merger with, 122, 154–55, 189

Morris and, 37, 40–42, 45, 47, 50–51, 75–77, 228

rap music and, 47–50, 78

“Tom’s Diner” (song), 16–18, 59

topsite servers

FBI “Fatal Error” false topsite, 194

Glover’s membership on, 183–88

Scene’s use of, 107–9, 146–51, 180

torrent technology, 166–74, 193, 205–14, 218, 226–27, 239–43

Total Request Live
, 197–98

Tower Records, 114, 154

Tuesday rippers as prerelease source, 144–45, 157–58

Tupac Shakur (artist), 48–50, 73–74,
77–79, 191

2 Live Crew (rap group), 50, 120, 191

typisch Deutsch
culture, 6, 13, 24–25

U2 (band), 45, 182

Universal Music Group (UMG)

Apple’s bid for, 155–57

dominance of, 111–14, 124, 189

formation of, 79–85, 101–3, 107–9

Morris’ retirement from, 260

Napster and, 118

payola scandal and, 196–98

Project Hubcap lawsuit and, 158–61, 225–26

rap music acquired by, 148–51, 153–55

revenue declines at, 154, 189–92, 199–203

Universal Studios, 76, 82

“unsecured wireless” defense in music piracy trials, 256–58

upload ratio requirements, 170–74, 210–14

USA Today,
89, 93

Valenti, Jack, 119–20

Van Buren, Steve, 103–5, 135–36, 149–51, 175

Vega, Suzanne, 16–18, 59

Vevo video syndication service, 232–38, 261

video compression, evolution of, 99

Virgin Records America, Inc. v. Thomas-Rasset,
285n

Vivendi Universal, 122–23, 154–55, 158–59, 189–92, 221, 228

Vu, Peter, 162–63, 203, 223–24, 240, 247–52, 254–58

Waffles.fm website, 239–40

Warez groups, 71–73, 88–89, 99, 105–6.
See also
“The Scene”

Warner Music Group, 37, 39–42, 50–51, 77, 154, 189, 260

payola scandal and, 196

Project Hubcap lawsuit and, 159

Waterworld
(film), 76, 81

West, Kanye, 153, 177, 220–22, 261–62

What.cd website, 239–40

Williams, Bryan (Birdman), 81, 200

Williams, Ronald (Slim), 81, 200

Winamp, 95, 128, 132–33

“Wind of Change” (song), 19, 59

Windows Media Player, 87, 129–30

WinPlay3, 60–63, 88–89, 95

Wired
magazine, 227–30

Yahoo! search engine, 70, 130

Yates, Terry, 255–58

YouTube, advertising revenues on, 229–38

Zephyr mp3 conversion boxes, 54–56, 87

zero-day leaks, piracy quest for, 105–9

Zwicker, Eberhard, 7–10, 18–19, 91–92

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