Iran's Deadly Ambition (36 page)

Citigroup,
152

Clapper, James,
103
,
151–52

Clinton, Hillary,
17

Clinton, William J. “Bill”/Clinton administration,
68
,
163

Coalition Provisional Authority,
50

COFIEC Bank affair,
119–20

Cohen, Roger,
86

Cold War,
69
,
75
,
83

Colombia,
115

Combating Terrorism Center (U.S. Military Academy),
60

Compañía Anónima Venezolana de Industrias Miltares (CAVIM),
113

Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act (USA),
3
,
96

Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE; Helsinki, Finland),
70

Conflict Armament Research,
144

Congo, Democratic People’s Republic of,
140
,
142

Correa, Rafael,
116
,
118
,
119

Côte d’Ivoire,
143
,
144

Council on Foreign Relations,
17
,
48

Countering Iran in the Western Hemisphere Act (USA),
128–29

Country Reports on Terrorism
(U.S. State Dept.),
52–53

Crimean crisis,
75
,
76
,
85–86

Cuba,
114
,
115
,
116
,
168–69

cut-outs,
16

cyber attacks,
128
,
148–51
,
153–55

Cyber Defense Command,
151

cyberspace, Iranian presence in: assassinations related to,
147–48
; cyber capability improvements,
151–55
; domestic repression through,
155–60
; foreign cyber attacks on nuclear program,
148–51

Cyberspace Council,
151

Cylance (cyber security firm),
153–54

Czech Republic,
75

Dar es Salaam (Tanzania),
140

Darfur region (Sudan), genocide in,
133
,
144

dawah
(proselytization activities),
116
,
122

Dempsey, Martin,
93

Denmark, Hezbollah terrorist attacks in,
73

detention, arbitrary,
71

diamond trade,
142–43

Diouf, Abdou,
143

Diplomat, The
,
4

Donetsk (Ukraine),
86

Doran, Michael,
48

drone technology,
40
,
113

Duncan, Jeff,
128–29

Duqu (malware),
150–51

Dushanbe (Tajikistan),
80
,
90

Eastern Europe: Iranian-financed terrorism in,
72–73
,
74
; IRGC missile power and,
18

Economist
,
12
,
123

Ecuador,
115
,
116
,
118–20

Ecuadorian Ministry of Defense,
119

Egypt: Arab Spring protests in,
27–28
,
38
; Iran vs.,
29
; Islamist government in,
29–31
; relations with Israel normalized,
29
; relations with Russia,
31
; relations with U.S.,
31

Einstein, Albert,
161

e-mail,
157

energy routes,
106–7

energy trade,
3–4
,
76–77
,
89
,
90
,
136

England,
153

Erdogan, Recep Tayyip,
94

Eritrea,
137

Estonia,
75

Ethiopia,
137

E.U.3,
64
,
68–69
,
163

Eurasia, Iranian involvement in: in Caucasus region,
87–90
; in Central Asia (the “Stans”),
90–92
; cultural ties,
90–91
; economic arrangements,
87–88
,
89–90
; Iranian nuclear program and,
81–82
,
84
,
86
; in Russia,
82–86
; in SCO,
79–82

Eurasian Union,
85

Euromaidan,
85

European Commission,
64

European Council,
64
,
162–63

European Union: energy dependency of,
75–76
; engagement policy with Iran,
64–67
,
71–72
; foreign relations conduct code of,
69–71
; Hezbollah military wing blacklisted by,
74
; Hezbollah presence in,
72–75
; as Iranian trade partner,
64
,
65–67
; IRGC added to terror list of,
63–64
; judicial system of,
65
; relations with Russia,
86
; Rouhani as negotiator with,
8
; sanctions imposed by,
2
,
64
,
65
,
67
,
82
,
90
,
96
,
113
,
119–20
,
134
; war on terror,
67

Europe-Iran Forum (London),
66

executions, public,
42–43
,
71–72

Facebook,
158

Fahmy, Nabil,
31

Farhat, Daoud,
103–4

Farsi language,
91

FARS News Agency,
20
,
30

Fatah,
55
,
57

Filkins, Dexter,
60

finance, illicit,
90

Financial Times
,
106

Flame (malware),
151

Folha de São Paulo
(newspaper),
121

Ford, Gerald,
70

Foundation for Defense of Democracies,
3
,
101

France: arms sales of,
144
; cyber attacks in,
153
; as E.U.3 member,
64
,
163
; Hezbollah terrorist attacks in,
73
; Khomeini exile in,
8
,
12–13
; as P5+1 member,
1
,
163

Freedom House,
44
,
159

Free Egyptian Army,
32

Friedman, Thomas,
6

Gabon,
135

Gambia,
141
,
145

Gates, Robert,
33–34

Gaza,
49
,
56
,
60
,
132
,
145

Gaza War,
54
,
55
,
58

Georgia, Republic of,
72
,
87–88
,
89

German-Iranian Chamber of Industry and Commerce,
67

Germany: cyber attacks in,
153
; as E.U.3 member,
64
,
163
; Hezbollah presence in,
74
; Iranian-financed terrorism in,
163
; as Iranian trade partner,
67
; as P5+1 member,
1
,
163

Ghana,
135

Ghani Ahmadzai, Ashraf,
54

global caliphate,
13

Gordon, Philip,
161

Gran Colombia,
111

Great Britain,
19
,
65
,
143

Great Firewall (Chinese Internet filtering system),
156

Greece,
75

Green Movement,
7
,
28
,
43
,
44
,
151
,
156
,
160

Group of Eight (G8),
68

Guardian Council,
7

Guinea,
141
,
145

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC),
34

Guyana,
127–28

hacktivists,
151
,
152
,
155

Hadi, Abd Rabbuh Mansur,
37

Hagel, Chuck,
46

al-Halbavi, Kamal,
29–30

Hamas: Gaza War,
54
,
55
; as Iranian proxy force,
132
; Iranian support of,
29
,
55–56
,
58
,
63–64
,
132
; in Palestinian elections,
54–55
,
57

Al Hayat
(Yemeni newspaper),
37

Helsinki Final Act,
69–71

Hezbollah: African presence of,
141–44
; Asian presence of,
103–4
; as “axis of resistance” partner,
38–39
; European presence of,
72–75
; Iran-Hamas relations and,
56
; as Iranian proxy force,
14
,
24
,
38
,
49–50
,
57
,
63–64
,
72–73
,
101
,
110
,
113
,
122
; IRGC and,
14
,
63–64
; Israel-Hezbollah War,
50
,
101
; Latin American presence of,
110
,
113–14
,
122–23
; North Korean support of,
101
; in Syrian Civil War,
41
; terrorist acts committed by,
72–73
,
74
,
116
,
122–23
; “wings” of,
74

Hirst, Joel,
109

Holder, Eric,
128

Holocaust denial,
137

Honecker, Erich,
70

Hormuz, Strait of,
19

al-Houthi, Hussein,
36

Houthi rebellion (Yemen),
35–37
,
50

Humala, Ollanta,
116

humanitarian aid,
39

human rights,
70

human rights abuses,
42–44
,
71–72
,
121

Human Rights Council,
43

Human Rights Watch,
43

Humire, Joseph,
129–30

Hussein, Saddam,
13
,
20–21
,
50
,
163

Ibraimov, Sadykzhan,
92

Imam Khomeini Relief Committee,
53

improvised explosive devices (IEDs),
60

India: cyber attacks in,
148
,
153
; Iranian energy trade and,
96
; Iranian-financed terrorism in,
72
,
104
; IRGC missile power and,
18
; Pakistan-Iran pipeline extension to,
106
; as SCO observer nation,
80

Indonesia,
47
,
148

inflation,
2

Institute for Science and International Security,
105
,
149

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA),
68
,
135–36
,
149

International Criminal Court (ICC),
133

International Human Rights Documentation Center,
43

International Monetary Fund (IMF),
4
,
122

Internet: content filtering,
157–58
; cost of access,
159
; “halal,” or second,
156–57
; regulation/oversight of,
159
; restricted access to,
44
; speed slowdowns,
159
; surveillance of,
152
,
158–59
; weblogs,
159–60

Internet service providers (ISPs),
159

Intifada, Second (Palestinian),
57

intranet,
156–57

Iran, Islamic Republic of: Afghan refugees in,
39–40
; arms sales to,
96–97
,
99
,
103
; Asia/Pacific foreign policy tilt of,
94
; as “axis of evil” member,
163
; blogosphere in,
159–60
; demographics of,
6
,
9
; détente possibilities with,
161–66
; domestic repression in,
6
,
7
,
28
,
42–44
,
63
,
71–72
,
155–60
; economic sanctions imposed on,
2
; energy infrastructure of,
76
; energy reserves in,
95
; energy trade with,
3–4
,
76–77
,
89
,
90
,
95–96
,
136
; ethnic minorities in,
88
; E.U. “critical dialogue” policy with,
64
,
162–63
; E.U. energy dependency and,
76–77
; E.U. engagement policy with,
64–67
; founding of,
20
; future challenges presented by,
169
; GDP of,
4
; human rights abuses in,
71–72
,
121
;
lebensraum
policy of,
60–61
; military modernization in,
84–85
; navy of,
19
,
97–98
,
137–38
; nuclear program of (
see
Iranian nuclear program
); Obama Cuban policy as viewed in,
168–69
; Obama “engagement” policy with,
1–2
,
11–12
,
63
,
96
,
161–62
,
166–67
; pro-democracy drive in, unsupported by West,
6–7
; relations with China,
95–98
; relations with Russia,
76–77
,
82–86
; relations with Venezuela,
110–14
; as revisionist power,
12
,
167
; Syria as regional partner of,
38–39
; Western
economic sanctions against,
2
,
64
,
65
,
67
,
82
,
90
,
96
,
112–13
,
119–20
,
134
,
163