KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps (188 page)

Frommhold, Ernst

frostbite

fuel supply

F
ü
hrer Cities

F
ü
rstenberg

F
ü
rstengrube

Gali
ń
ski, Edek

Gandersheim

Gardelegen massacre

“Gas Chamber” (song)

gas chambers; Auschwitz; Dachau; defiance at; evidence destroyed; first used in Auschwitz; foreign opinion on; German public opinion on; Majdanek; Mauthausen; mobile; of 1945; Natzweiler; Neuengamme; passive
victim myth; T-4 program; Ravensbrück; Sachsenhausen; Stutthof; Treblinka; Zyklon B

Gaschler, Josef

gas gangrene

Gebhardt, Karl

Geilenberg, Edmund

General Government; Action “Harvest Festival”; camps; evacuation; Operation Reinhard;
see also
Poland; Holocaust

General Plan East

Genzken, Karl

German army; deserters; impending defeat; invasion of Poland; Operation Barbarossa; soldiers as
camp guards

German Army High Command

German Democratic Republic

German Jews

German language

German National Bank

German POWs

German prisoners; Kapos; of 1942–43; racism of

German public; awareness of KL system; civilian worker encounters with prisoners; early camps and; end of war; fatalism; fear of freed prisoners; fear of Left and criminals; fear of Red Army; final death transports and;
gas chambers and; human experiments and; indifference and sense of victimhood of; memory of; myth of ignorance; 1934–39 camps and; 1939–41 camps and; 1942–43 camps and; 1944 camps and; postwar responses to KL crimes; propaganda; satellite camps and; SS wives’ knowledge of “Final Solution”; treatment of Soviet POWs and

Germany; Allied bombing raids on; annexation of Austria and Sudetenland; anti-Semitism;
conscript army; decline of Weimar Republic; division of; early camps; end of World War II; “ethnic Germans”; food crisis; Hitler’s rise to power; Hitler-Stalin pact; Holocaust; impending defeat of Third Reich; interwar period; invasion of Soviet Union; modern; myth of ignorance; 1918 revolution; 1923 putsch; of 1933; 1933 elections; of 1934–39; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945;
of 1950s–70s; of 1980s; postwar justice; postwar period; public awareness of KL system; unification (1990); World War I defeat and aftermath

Gestapa

Gestapo; Himmler and; Kristallnacht

ghettos; Baltic; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945;
see also specific ghettos

Gideon, Wilhelm

Giering, Otto

G
ł
adysz, Antoni

Gleiwitz

Globocnik, Odilo

Globocnik death camps;
see also
Belzec; Sobibor;
Treblinka

Glogowski, Gertrud

Gl
ü
ck, Josef

Gl
ü
cks, Richard; demise of; Holocaust and; as inspector of camps; leadership style; suicide of

Goebbels, Joseph; Kristallnacht

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von

gold; dental; watches and pens

Goldmann, Ernst

Gorgass, Bodo

G
ö
ring, Hermann; early camps and; Prussian camp model; trial of

G
ö
th, Amon

G
ö
ttingen

Gottschalk, Rudolf

Grabner, Maximilian

Gradowski, Salmen

granite

Grawitz, Ernst

Great Britain; BBC; bombing raids on Germany; declaration of war on Germany; German bombing of; intelligence; liberation of camps; press; relief effort after liberation of camps; South African War concentration camps; views on KL system

Great German Art Exhibition (1941)

Greek Jews

“green” Kapos

“greens,” criminal;
see also
criminals

green triangles,
see
“greens”

Grodno

Groeneveld, Alfred

Gross, Karl Adolf

Gross-Rosen; evacuation of; satellite camps of; Soviet POWs executed in; T-4 selections

Grotewohl, Prime Minister

Gr
ü
newald, Adam

Grünwiedl, Martin

Grynszpan, Herschel

guards; Auschwitz; Buchenwald; Camp SS; Dachau; Death’s Head SS; “decent” punishment and; discipline of; early camps; Emsland; execution policy; gender relations;
hierarchies; Kapo system; looting and corruption; in 1934–39 camps; in 1939–41 camps; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; in 1945 camps; as “political soldiers”; prisoner resistance to; recruitment and training; response to escapes; Sachsenhausen; satellite camps; sex with prisoners; soldiers as; SS routines; violence; women;
see also
Camp SS;
specific camps and guards
; SS

Guard Troops, SS; foreigners
in; recruitment and training

Gulag

G
ü
ntsche, Fritz

G
ü
rtner, Franz

Gusen

Gussak, Adolf

Guttenberger, Elisabeth

Gypsies; in Auschwitz

Haas, Adolf

Habsburg Empire

Hackmann, Hermann

Hague, The

hair; industrial use of; shaved

Halle

Hamburg

Hamburg-Fuhlsb
ü
ttel

Hammelburg

Hammerstein

hanging; of Bargatzky

hanging, from post

Hanover-Misburg

Hanover-St
ö
cken

Hart, Kitty

Hartheim

Hartinger, Josef

Hassebroek, Johannes

Haubner, Hermann

Haulot, Arthur

Hayes, Peter

Hebertshausen

Hebold, Otto

Heilbut, Fanny

Heilmann, Ernst

Hein, Wincenty

Heinen, Johann

Heinkel

Heinrich, Ilse

Heissmeyer, Kurt

Hejblum, Erko

Hereditary Health Courts

Herero

Herman, Chaim

Herrmann, Simon Heinrich

Herskovits, Eva

Herzberg, Abel

Herzogenbusch; evacuation of

Hesse

Hessel, St
é
phane

Heuberg

Heyde, Werner

Heydrich, Reinhard; assassination of

Himmler, Heinrich; anti-Jewish policy; apocalyptic worldview of; arms production and; Auschwitz and; background of; building plans; Camp SS and; as commander of reserve army; corruption and; courts and; criminal police and; Dachau and; “decent” punishment and; dominance over Prussian police; Eicke and; end of war; escapes and;
“euthanasia” program and; execution policy; fastidiousness of; on female prisoners; on food; forced labor and; General Plan East; and Gestapo; Hitler and; homophobia of; human experiments and; impending defeat and; inspections of camps; Kallweit murder and; Kapo system; last meeting with Camp SS leaders; military ambitions; model camp created by; mysticism of; Niederhagen folly of; organizational
restructure of camp system; party career of; “path to freedom” slogan; pogrom and; Pohl and; on public awareness of KL system; prisoner relations and; pursuit of deal with western Allies; as Reich minister of the interior; rise to power; R
ö
hm purge and; sexual repression of; slave labor and; social outsiders pursued by; Soviet POW executions; SS taken over by; suicide of; underground camps and;
vision for KL system; visits to Auschwitz

Hindenburg, Paul von

Hinzert

Hirsch, Fredy

Hirt, August

Hitler, Adolf; anti-Semitism of; appointment as chancellor; arms production and; assassination attempts against; in Berlin bunker; Berlin Olympics and; building plans; development of “Final Solution” and; early camps and; elation over early war victories; end of war; “euthanasia” program; execution
policy; foreign opinion on; as F
ü
hrer and Reich chancellor; General Plan East; Himmler and; human experiments and; hysterical rages of; impending defeat; invasion of Poland; KL system and; Kristallnacht;
Mein Kampf
; moustache; myth; 1923 putsch; 1934–39 camps and; 1944 failed bomb plot on; Operation Barbarossa; in Paris; rise to power; R
ö
hm purge; SA “plot” against; scorched earth order; self-image
of; Speer and; suicide of; terror of 1933; underground headquarters of; utopianism of; wartime racial policy; worldview of; World War I defeat and aftermath

Hitler Youth

Hochlinden

Hoechst

Hofbauer, Franz

Hohmann, Max

Hohnstein

holidays; SS

Holleischen

Hollerith technology

Holocaust; Auschwitz and development of “Final Solution”; foreign opinion on; genesis of; German public awareness
of; legacy of; literature of; memory; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; survivors; terminology; T-4 program shift to;
see also
crematoria; “Final Solution”; gas chambers; Jews;
specific camps

Holocaust
(miniseries)

Holzl
ö
hner, Ernst

homosexuals; Kapos; prisoners; R
ö
hm

Hoppe, Paul Werner

Horvath, Hermine

H
ö
ss, Hedwig

H
ö
ss, Rudolf; as Auschwitz commandant; death of; family life in Auschwitz;
as head of department D I; rise to power; trial of

H
ö
ssler, Franz

Hoven, Waldemar

Hradil, Adam

H
ü
bner, Gertrud

H
ü
bsch, Alfred

human experiments; air pressure; cocaine; Kapos and; malaria; Mengele and; phosgene; Polygal; public awareness of; sexual; sulfonamide drugs; on twins; typhus; victim swaps; water

humor; about camps; gallows; prisoner; SS

Hungarian Jews

Hungary

hunger;
see also
food

Hussarek, Paul

Hussels, Jupp

H
ü
ttig, Hans

IG Farben; forced labor; Monowitz; postwar trial

Ihr, Jakob

IKL (Inspectorate of Concentration Camps)

illness; in Auschwitz; in 1934–39 camps; in 1939–41 camps; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; in 1945 camps;
see also
disease; doctors; infirmaries; invalid prisoners

indifference, German

industry; aircraft; arms production; chemical; civilian
worker encounters with prisoners; forced labor for IG Farben; of 1944; pharmaceutical; postwar; SS and; underground relocation;
see also specific industries

infirmaries; Auschwitz; “euthanasia” program; human experiments; Kapos in; of 1945; prison relations;
see also
disease; doctors; illness; invalid prisoners;
specific camps

Inquisition

insignia; black triangle; colored triangle system; green
triangle; Kapos; prisoners; SS; red triangle,
see
political prisoners; swastika; yellow star of David

inspiration, for Nazi camps

“The International”

International Committee of the Red Cross

interwar period; 1933 camps; 1934–39 camps

invalid prisoners; Auschwitz; Dachau; “euthanasia” program; of 1934–39; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945

Israel

Italian Jews

Italy; Fascism

Itzkewitsch,
Ferdinand

Iwes, Hendrikus

Jahn, Rudi

Jakobovics, Jen
ö

Jakubovics, Vilmos

Jankowski, Stanis
ł
aw

Jehovah’s Witnesses

Jesensk
á
, Milena

Jew Companies

Jews; Action “Harvest Festival”; arrival in Auschwitz; “asocial”; in Auschwitz-Birkenau; in Bergen-Belsen; blackmail of; in Buchenwald; children; circumcision; comradeship; “criminal”; in Dachau; in early camps; emigration; in Emsland; “exchange”;
forced labor; holidays; as “hostages”; human experiments; intelligentsia; invalid prisoners; Kapos; Kristallnacht; latrine squads; looted possessions of; in Majdanek; memorials and; in 1934–39 camps; 1938 mass arrests; in 1939–41 camps; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; 1945 evacuations of; “November”; Operation Reinhard; orthodox; passive victim myth; pogrom of 1938; postwar; prisoner newspaper;
prisoner relations; “race defilers”; release of; in Sachsenhausen; in satellite camps; seclusion of; selections; Special Squad; suicides; survivors; T-4 selections; torture of; transports; women; yellow star of David;
see also specific nationalities

“Jew Song”

Jochheim-Armin, Karl

Johst, Hanns

K., Wilhelm

Kahn, Arthur

Kahn, Erwin

Kaindl, Anton

Kaiserwald

Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, Berlin

Kajzer, Avram

Kaldore, George

Kalk

Kallweit, Albert

Kaltenbrunner, Ernst

Kalvo, Haim

Kalvo, Juda

Kammler, Hans; underground camps and

Kapacki, Franc

Kapos; Auschwitz; block elders; brothels and; Buchenwald; camp elders; clothing; Communist; corruption; criminals as; Dachau; development of system; doctors; functional groups of; German; “green”; hierarchies; insignia; Jewish; last death
transports; medical; morality of; political prisoners as; postwar justice and; power and privilege; prisoner relations; “red”; satellite camps; selections by; as “self-administration”; sex; terminology; as torturers and murderers; women; work supervisors

Kapp, Karl

Karaganda

Karo
ł
ewska, W
ł
adislawa

Ka
šá
k, Karel

Kasaniczky, Johann

Kassebaum, Magdalene

Kassel

Katz, Delvin

Kaufering

Kaufmann,
Karl

Kautsky, Benedikt

Kemna

Kendall, Kopel

Kershaw, Ian

Kersten, Felix

Kielar, Wies
ł
aw

Kislau

Klee, Ernst

Klein, Fritz

Klemperer, Victor

K
ł
odzi
ń
ski, Stanis
ł
aw

Klooga; massacre

KL, as acronym

KL system; Allied bombing of; as Allied internment camps; Allies and; anti-Semitic policy; arms production; atrocity rumors; brothels; Camp SS; classification scheme; Commandant Staff; “copied”
from British camps; courts and; Death’s Head SS; “decent” punishment; denials of personal responsibility; early camps; Eicke as inspector of; Eicke’s organizational restructure of; emerging personnel policy; end of war; escape; “euthanasia” program; evacuations; execution policy; expansion of; final collapse of; forced labor; foreign opinion on; foreign prisoners in; formation of; functional design;
funding of; in General Government; genocide and; German public awareness of; Gl
ü
cks as inspector of; Guard Troops; hierarchies; Himmler model; Holocaust; human experiments; incriminating evidence destroyed; industry and; invention of Auschwitz gas chamber; Kapos; legacy of; looting and corruption; memorials; memory and; mid-1930s official image; military ambitions and; multifaceted nature of;
myth of ignorance; new model camps; 1933 camps; 1934–39 camps; 1939–41 camps; 1942–43 camps; 1944 camps; 1945 camps; 1950s–80s public views on; “November Jews” and; Operation Reinhard; overcrowding; pogrom and; Pohl as head of; in Poland; postwar justice for war crimes; precedents; prewar racial policy; prisoner resistance to; reducing death rates; reward system; R
ö
hm purge; roots of; satellite
camps; secrecy; of September 1939; slave labor; social outsiders in; Soviet POWs; SS routines; state threat to; of summer 1935; of summer 1944; terminology; underground; uprisings; wartime racial policy; women’s camps; WVHA absorption of;
see also
barracks; Camp SS; compounds; conditions; deaths; guards; prisoners; satellite camps;
specific camps, groups, and organizations
; torture