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Patrick, C. 2013. R. D. Hare Lifetime Achievement Award acceptance speech. 5th Biannual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Psychopathy. June 6.

55.
Cleckley, H. Op. cit., p. 80.

56.
Skeem, J. L., and Cooke, D. J. 2010. Is Criminal Behavior a Central Component of Psychopathy?
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57.
Carey, B. 2010. Academic Battle Delays Publication by 3 Years.
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58.
Dr. Skeem responded to one email on July 24, 2013 and forwarded one of her publications. She did not respond to two later emails on August 23 and 28, 2013 requesting an interview.

59.
Durant, W. 1967.
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Cosgrove, L.,
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Kiehl and Hoffman. 2011. Op. cit.

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Hare, R. D. 1996. Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Case of Diagnostic Confusion.
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68.
For references see Gregory, S.,
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Feix, J. 2006. The Handbook of Psychopathy (review).
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Pound, E. 1950.
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CHAPTER THREE: WHAT DOES BRAIN IMAGING SEE?

1.
Kiehl, K. A. and Buckholtz, J. W. 2010. Inside the Mind of a Psychopath.
Scientific American Mind
. 21: 22–29. September 1. Buckholtz’s co-author, Kent Kiehl, attributed this account to Buckholtz. Phone interview May 21, 2013.

2.
Ibid.

3.
Hare, R. D. 1993.
Without Conscience, The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us
. The Guilford Press, New York. p. 125.

4.
Ibid., p. 40.

5.
Abbott, A. 2007. Abnormal neuroscience: Scanning psychopaths.
Nature
: 450(7172): 942–944.

6.
Abbott, A. 2001. Into the mind of a killer.
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: 410(6826): 296–298.

7.
Abbott, 2007. Op. cit.

8.
Gregory, S.,
et al.
2012. The Antisocial Brain: Psychopathy Matters, A Structural MRI Investigation of Antisocial Male Violent Offenders.
Archives of General Psychiatry
: 69(9): 962–972.

9.
Raine, A.,
et al.
2000. Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder.
Archives of General Psychiatry
. 57(2): 119–127.

10.
Gregory, S.,
et al.
Op. cit.

11.
Ly, M.,
et al.
2012. Cortical thinning in psychopathy.
American Journal of Psychiatry
. 69(7): 743–749.

12.
Blair, R. J. R. 2012. Cortical Thinning and Functional Connectivity in Psychopathy. 69(7): 684–687.

13.
Azevedo, F. A.,
et al.
2009. Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain.
Journal of Comparative Neurology
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14.
Field, R. D. 2011.
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Schneider, F.,
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2000. Functional Imaging of Conditioned Aversive Emotional Responses in Antisocial Personality Disorder.
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16.
University of Oxford. 2013. A Spin Around the Brain.
Oxford Sparks
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. Accessed 9/18/2013.

17.
James Fallon email correspondence. 11/2/2013.

18.
Logothetis, N. K.,
et al.
2001. Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal.
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19.
Viswanathan, A. and Freeman, R. D. 2007. Neurometabolic coupling in cerebral cortex reflects synaptic more than spiking activity.
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20.
Harenski, C. L.,
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2010. Aberrant neural processing of moral violations in criminal psychopaths.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
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21.
Dolan, M. C. and Fullam, R. S. 2009. Psychopathy and functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygenation level-dependent responses to emotional faces in violent patients with schizophrenia.
Biological Psychiatry
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22.
Bennett, Craig M.,
et al.
2009. Neural correlates of interspecies perspective taking in the post-mortem Atlantic salmon: An argument for multiple comparisons correction. Abstract.
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23.
Cleese, J. and Chapman, G. 1969. Dead Parrot Sketch performed on
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24.
Craig Bennett phone interview Wednesday, September 11, 2013. Email correspondence September 13, 2013.

25.
Kiehl, K. and Hoffman, M. 2011. The Criminal Psychopath: History,

Neuroscience, Treatment, and Economics in Jurimetrics.
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26.
National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. 2007. Domestic Violence Facts. July.

27.
Huss, M. T. and Langhinrichsen-Rohlinga, J. 2000. Identification of the psychopathic batterer: The clinical, legal, and policy implications.
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CHAPTER FOUR: A PROBLEM JUST BEHIND THE FOREHEAD

1.
The information about Fallon in this chapter in based on his public talks and a September 30, 2013 phone interview.

2.
Hagerty, B. B. 2010. A Neuroscientist Uncovers A Dark Secret. NPR.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127888976
. Accessed 9/10/2012.

3.
Naik, G. 2009. What’s on Jim Fallon’s Mind? A Family Secret That Has Been Murder to Figure Out.
The Wall Street Journal
. November 30.

4.
Brunner, H. G.,
et al.
1993. Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A.
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5.
McDermott, R.,
et al.
2009. Monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) predicts behavioral aggression following provocation.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
. 106(7): 2118–2123

6.
Glenn, A. L. 2011. The other allele: Exploring the long allele of the serotonin transporter gene as a potential risk factor for psychopathy: A review of the parallels in findings.
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. 35(3): 612–620.

7.
Naik. Op. cit.

8.
James Fallon. Phone interview September 30, 2013.

9.
Bold, K. 2010. Killer instinct.
ZotZine, UCI’s Online Magazine
. 11( 6): March.
http://zotzine.uci.edu/v02/2010_03/fallon.php
. Accessed 3/3/2013.

10.
Volkow, N. D. and Tancredi, L. 1987. Neural substrates of violent behaviour. A preliminary study with positron emission tomography.
British Journal of Psychiatry
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11.
Goyer, P. F.,
et al.
1994. Positron-emission tomography and personality disorders.
Neuropsychopharmacology
. 10(1): 21–28.

12.
Raine, A.,
et al.
1994. Selective reductions in prefrontal glucose metabolism in murderers.
Biological Psychiatry
. 36(6): 365–373.

13.
Raine, A.,
et al.
1997. Brain Abnormalities in Murderers Indicated by Positron Emission Tomography.
Biological Psychiatry
. 42(6): 495–450.

14.
U.S. Department of Justice, The Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2011. Uniform Crime Reports. Crime in the United States, 2010. Expanded Homicide Data.
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2010/crime-in-theu.s.-2010/offenses-known-to-law-enforcement/expanded/expandhomicidemain.pdf
. Accessed 11/1/2013.

15.
Naik, G. Op. cit.

16.
Fallon explained: “Although I’m scored always just short of the threshold for psychopathy, I uniformly score very high on factors related to pro sociality,
e.g.
very high on Fearless/Dominance and medium low on Impulsive/Antisociality. On the Dutton PPI modification, I score low on neuroticism, very high on extraversion, high on openness to experience, low on agreeableness, low on conscientiousness, and very high on persuasiveness. On the Hare Psychopathy Checklist, I score high on Aggressive/Narcissism but low on pathological lying (which is for losers, much more entertaining to addle people with the truth) and low on failure to accept responsibility. I score lower on Socially Deviant Lifestyle, except for scoring high on need for stimulation, poor behavioral controls, impulsivity—and I do have rather grandiose long term goals, but they often work out. Trait 3 I won’t comment on … One fine point concerning my own behavior—my narcissism trumps other factors. For example I never cheat. I derive much more pleasure from crushing opponents in games—pristinely according to the rules.” Email correspondence October 2, 2013. For a criticism of Fallon’s claims, see Chamber, C. 2013. Could a brain scan diagnose you as a psychopath?
The Guardian
. November 25.
http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/25/could-a-brain-scan-diagnose-you-as-a-psychopath
. Accessed 11/12/2013.

17.
Gu, J. and Gu, X. 2003. Induced gene expression in human brain after the split from chimpanzee.
Trends in Genetics
. 19(2): 63–65.

18.
Konopka, G.,
et al.
2012. Human-Specific Transcriptional Networks in the Brain.
Neuron
: 75 (4): 601–617.

19.
Sakia, T.,
et al.
2011. Differential Prefrontal White Matter Development in Chimpanzees and Humans.
Current Biology
. 21(16): 1397–1402.

20.
Twomey, S. Phineas Gage: Neuroscience’s Most Famous Patient.
Smithsonian
magazine. January 2010.

21.
Potter, N. 2010. Inside the Mind of a Killer.
ABC News
. October 27.
http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=130048&page=1

22.
Hare, R. D. 1993.
Without Conscience, The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us
. The Guilford Press, New York. p. 42.

23.
Cleckley, H. 1988.
The Mask of Sanity: An Attempt to Clarify Some Issues About the So Called Psychopathic Personality
, 5th edition, Augusta, Georgia: Emily S. Cleckley. p. 262.

24.
Porter, S. and Porter, S. 2007. Psychopathy and Violent Crime in Hakkanen-Nyholm, H. and Nyholm, J.-O. (editors)
Psychopathy and the Law
. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

25.
Raine, A.,
et al.
2000. Reduced Prefrontal Gray Matter Volume and Reduced Autonomic Activity in Antisocial Personality Disorder.
Archives of General Psychiatry
. 57(2): 119–127.

26.
Haycock, D. A. 2001. Images of violence: What use are psychopaths’ brain scans?
BioMedNet News
. April 24.

27.
Newman, J. P. and Kosson, D. S. 1986. Passive Avoidance Learning in Psychopathic and Nonpsychopathic Offenders.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
. 95(3): 252–256.