Oh What a Slaughter (22 page)

reliability of accounts of,
7
,
25–28
,
163–64

as total wipeouts,
15

trauma and guilt of parties to,
2–3

tribalism as factor in,
58

of Tutsis,
2

women and children as main victims of,
31–32
,
161

see also specific massacres Massacres of the Mountains
(Dunn),
5–6
,
109
,
163

Mencken, H. L.,
109

Mescalero Apaches,
24
,
60
,
123

Mexicans, Apaches and,
119
,
120
,
124

Miles, Nelson:

Geronimo and,
5
,
124
,
131

Sitting Bull and,
132
,
140
,
143
,
144

Wounded Knee aftermath and,
155

Miller, Henry,
153

Minneconjou,
147

Modocs,
47
,
129

Modoc War,
56

Monroe, James,
16

Monterey, Calif.,
50

Monument Valley, Utah,
41

Mooney, James,
135–37
,
151
,
154
,
156

Moravian Indians,
110

Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints):

blood atonement doctine of,
67
,
73

court system and,
85–86

Mountain Meadows Massacre and,
3–4
,
20
,
26–27
,
63–90

persecution of,
67
,
89–90

as record keepers,
70

U.S. government and,
66–67
,
69
,
70
,
71
,
85–86

see also
Mountain Meadows Massacre (1857)

Morongos,
48

motion pictures,
40–41
,
48

Mountain Meadows Massacre (1857),
2
,
15
,
63–90
,
121

account of discovery of,
81–82

attacking force of,
75

casualties in,
26
,
64

copy-cat attacks after,
85

court of inquiry into,
84–85

final slaughter in,
77–78

forensic evidence of,
63
,
65
,
78
,
87–88

Forney investigation of,
82–84

Haight and,
70
,
71
,
72

initial attack and siege of,
75–77

Lee's prosecution and execution for,
85–87
,
88

looting of dead after,
80–81
,
84

monuments at site of,
65
,
80
,
84
,
88–89

Mormon denial of lead role in,
3–4
,
20
,
26–27
,
63
,
78
,
81
,
82
,
86
,
89

Mormon participation in,
64–65
,
68
,
75–79
,
80–81
,
82–84

Mormon peace offer in,
76–77

motive for,
89

Paiutes and,
27
,
64
,
66
,
68
,
71
,
73
,
75–79
,
82–83
,
86

Sand Creek Massacre compared with,
89–90

survivors of,
77
,
83–84

U.S. Army and,
26
,
66–67
,
69
,
70
,
71
,
82
,
84–85

Wounded Knee compared with,
152

Young and,
26–27
,
63
,
69–72
,
79–80
,
84
,
86
,
89

Mountain Meadows Massacre, The
(Brooks),
64
,
65

Mulvany, John,
37

mutilations,
ix

at Fetterman Massacre,
34
,
112

at Little Big Horn,
33
,
34
,
112–13

at Sand Creek,
35
,
105
,
112–13

see also
scalping

Native Americans:

agency system and victimization of,
6
,
95

of California,
47–48
,
53–56
,
59–60

criminalization of killing of,
16–17

final resistance of,
129–34

leadership structures of,
94

as main target of massacres,
5–6

misuse of trust funds of,
159

removals of,
2
,
13
,
15–16
,
24
,
60
,
140–42
,
159

warrior ethic of,
56–57

Navaho,
24
,
60
,
61

Nazis,
161

Nemattanew,
136

Neva,
55

New Encyclopedia of the American West, The
,
29–30

Newer World, A
(Roberts),
47
,
48
,
53
,
60

New York Times, The
,
5
,
63

Nez Percé,
5
,
11
,
124
,
129
,
132–33

Noch-ay-del-klin,
136–37

Nome Cult,
111

Norfolk, Nebr.,
11
,
12

Oakley, Annie,
131
,
142

Oglala Sioux,
129

Oklahoma:

Five Civilized Tribes in,
98
,
141
,
159

Ghost Dance revival in,
157

On the Border with Crook
(Bourke),
123

Oregon Trail,
94

Osages,
58

Owl Woman,
91

Oxford English Dictionary
,
1

Paiutes:

Frémont and,
48
,
59
,
66

Ghost Dance and,
157

Mountain Meadows Massacre and,
27
,
64
,
66
,
68
,
71
,
73
,
75–79
,
86

Pamunkeys,
136

Pansy Society of America,
156

Papagos, Apaches and,
119
,
120
,
124

Park, Hamilton Gray,
70
,
71

Parker, Cynthia Ann,
131

Pawnees,
58
,
94

Penn, Arthur,
40
,
111

Penn, Captain,
120

Pequots,
16
,
110
,
111

Pickford, Mary,
48

Piegan Blackfeet,
115–18
,
118

Pine Ridge Agency,
5
,
147
,
151
,
152
,
155

Platte Bridge, Battle of,
106

Powder River,
140

Powell, John Wesley,
135

Prather, W. H.,
153

Pratt, Eleanor McComb McLean,
67–68

Pratt, Parley,
67–68
,
67
,
80

Pumpelly, Raphael,
124–25

Quahadi Comanches,
130

Quanah Parker,
57
,
58
,
127
,
129
,
130
,
131
,
158

Ramona
(Jackson),
48

Red Cloud,
47
,
57
,
58
,
123
,
127
,
129
,
158

Cooper Union speech of,
41

on Crook,
130

death of,
130

Hopkins ridiculed by,
156

as negotiator,
130
,
131
,
153

at Pine Ridge Agency,
147

on White Man's promises,
13
,
126

Wounded Knee Massacre and,
153

Red Cloud's War,
109
,
140

Redford, Robert,
48

Red River War,
131

Red Tomahawk,
146
,
147

Reno, Marcus A.,
31
,
125

Roberts, David,
47
,
48
,
53
,
60

Rolle, Andrew,
52

Roman Nose,
109

Roosevelt, Theodore,
41

Rosebud, Battle of the,
31
,
106
,
123
,
129

Rwanda,
2
,
21
,
160

Sacagawea,
41

Sacramento River Massacre (1846),
4
,
15
,
23
,
26
,
47–61
,
89
,
119

Breckenridge's account of,
51
,
52

Carson at,
51–52
,
53
,
59
,
60

casualties in,
51–52

Martin's account of,
51
,
52

Wounded Knee compared with,
152

St. Vrain, Ceran,
91

Sand Creek Massacre (1864),
5
,
15
,
27
,
91–113
,
121
,
122

aftermath of,
105–6
,
125

Black Kettle at,
103
,
104
,
111

casualties in,
26
,
30
,
32
,
35

Chivington's lack of repentance for,
20–21
,
24

Chivington's leadership in,
24
,
54–55

Chivington's report of,
26
,
30

court of inquiry into,
107–8

Grant on,
107

Grant's condemnation of,
21

Little Big Man
and,
111

looting after,
105

main attack of,
104–5

Mountain Meadows Massacre

compared with,
89–90

mutilations following,
35
,
105
,
112–13

reliability of eyewitness accounts of,
27–28

scouts' roles at,
103–4

Soule at,
101
,
104
,
106

Soule's testimony about,
107

stories about,
104–5

volunteer force raised for,
100–101

Wounded Knee compared with,
152

Sandoz, Mari,
141

San Francisco earthquake,
2

Santa Fe Trail,
91

Satank,
9
,
10

Satanta,
9
,
10

scalping,
ix
,
35
,
132

see also
mutilations

Seminoles,
111

September
11
, 2001 terrorist attacks,
2
,
12
,
34

Seventh-day Adventists,
144

Shangneau, John,
149

Sheridan, Philip,
109

Sherman, William Tecumseh,
9–11
,
102
,
102
,
109
,
161

Shoop, George,
105
,
108

Short Bull,
144
,
147

Shoshonis,
123

Sioux,
6
,
13
,
129
,
130
,
158

Black Hills and,
140–41
,
143

at Fetterman Massacre,
112

Ghost Dance and,
135
,
143–44
,
145–47
,
154
,
158

government dishonesty toward,
140–42

Grattan conflict with,
94–95

Little Bighorn and,
34
,
124–25

Red Cloud's War and,
109–10

at Standing Rock Reservation,
143–47

Wounded Knee Massacre and,
5
,
30
,
135–56

Sitting Bull (Arapaho mystic),
157

Sitting Bull (Sioux leader),
44
,
47
,
58
,
127
,
129

Buffalo Bill and,
131
,
142
,
144–45

Canadian exile of,
130
,
132
,
142

death of,
5
,
130
,
145–47

Ghost Dance and,
5
,
143–44
,
145–47
,
158

personality of,
131

at Standing Rock Reservation,
143–47

victory vision of,
137–38

as Western icon,
41
,
44

smallpox,
94
,
115

Smith, Jack,
103

Smith, Jedediah,
60

Son of the Morning Star
(Connell),
40
,
163

Soule, Silas,
101
,
101
,
104
,
106
,
107

Spencer family,
111

Spotted Horse,
155