Read The Sword And The Olive Online
Authors: Martin van Creveld
The Sword And The Olive (77 page)
32
Figures from Bar-Siman Tov,
The Israeli-Egyptian War of Attrition
, p. 92 (table 4.1) and p. 97 (table 4.4).
Figures from Bar-Siman Tov,
The Israeli-Egyptian War of Attrition
, p. 92 (table 4.1) and p. 97 (table 4.4).
33
M. Peled, “Ech lo Hitkonena Yisrael Le-milchama” [How Israel Did Not Prepare for War],
Maarachot
289/290 (October 1983): 25-28.
M. Peled, “Ech lo Hitkonena Yisrael Le-milchama” [How Israel Did Not Prepare for War],
Maarachot
289/290 (October 1983): 25-28.
34
Cf. the calculations of Bar-Siman Tov,
The Israeli-Egyptian War of Attrition
, p. 91 ff., regarding the types of Egyptian fire and their relative effectiveness.
Cf. the calculations of Bar-Siman Tov,
The Israeli-Egyptian War of Attrition
, p. 91 ff., regarding the types of Egyptian fire and their relative effectiveness.
35
The operation is described in some detail in M. Eldar,
Shayetet 11
[Flotilla 11] (Tel Aviv: Zmora Bitan, 1996), pp. 55-59.
The operation is described in some detail in M. Eldar,
Shayetet 11
[Flotilla 11] (Tel Aviv: Zmora Bitan, 1996), pp. 55-59.
36
Some additional operations of the same kind are briefly described in Eytan,
Sippur shel Chayal
, pp. 113-114.
Some additional operations of the same kind are briefly described in Eytan,
Sippur shel Chayal
, pp. 113-114.
37
Ch. Nadel, “Hafalat Ha-kochot Ha-meyuchadim shel TSAHAL Be-milchemet Hahatasha” [Israel’s Special Forces in the War of Attrition], M.A. thesis, Tel Aviv University, 1990. Nadel was a special forces officer who later rose to major general.
Ch. Nadel, “Hafalat Ha-kochot Ha-meyuchadim shel TSAHAL Be-milchemet Hahatasha” [Israel’s Special Forces in the War of Attrition], M.A. thesis, Tel Aviv University, 1990. Nadel was a special forces officer who later rose to major general.
38
For Nasser’s plans during this period see Schueftan,
Hatasha
, chap. 5.
For Nasser’s plans during this period see Schueftan,
Hatasha
, chap. 5.
39
Y. Rabin,
Pinkas Sherut
[A Service Record] (Tel Aviv: Maariv), vol. 1, pp. 261-263. For quotes from other key Israeli decisionmakers see Schueftan,
Hatasha
, p. 120 ff.
Y. Rabin,
Pinkas Sherut
[A Service Record] (Tel Aviv: Maariv), vol. 1, pp. 261-263. For quotes from other key Israeli decisionmakers see Schueftan,
Hatasha
, p. 120 ff.
40
Schueftan,
Hatasha
, p. 250 ff., using a variety of Egyptian sources.
Schueftan,
Hatasha
, p. 250 ff., using a variety of Egyptian sources.
41
Cf. A. Price,
Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare
(London: Macdonald’s, 1967).
Cf. A. Price,
Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare
(London: Macdonald’s, 1967).
42
Cf. E. O’Ballance,
The Electronic War in the Middle East, 1968-1970
(London: Faber and Faber, 1974), pp. 123-124.
Cf. E. O’Ballance,
The Electronic War in the Middle East, 1968-1970
(London: Faber and Faber, 1974), pp. 123-124.
43
Quoted in Schueftan,
Hatasha
, p. 265.
Quoted in Schueftan,
Hatasha
, p. 265.
44
Figure from E. N. Luttwak and D. Horowitz,
The Israeli Army
(London: Allen Lane, 1975), p. 325
.
Figure from E. N. Luttwak and D. Horowitz,
The Israeli Army
(London: Allen Lane, 1975), p. 325
.
45
Bar Lev estimate, in G. Yaakobi,
Ke-chut Ha-seara
[By a Hair’s Breadth] (Tel Aviv: Idanim, 1989), p. 157.
Bar Lev estimate, in G. Yaakobi,
Ke-chut Ha-seara
[By a Hair’s Breadth] (Tel Aviv: Idanim, 1989), p. 157.
46
Schueftan,
Hatasha
, p. 365.
Schueftan,
Hatasha
, p. 365.
47
The best source is once again Schueftan,
Hatasha
, p. 267, which makes use of all the available Israeli, Egyptian, and U.S. sources.
The best source is once again Schueftan,
Hatasha
, p. 267, which makes use of all the available Israeli, Egyptian, and U.S. sources.
48
For a blow-by-blow account of the way it was done see E. Zeira,
Milchemet Yom Hakippurim, Mitos mul Metsiut
[The Yom Kippur War: Myth Versus Reality] (Tel Aviv: Yediot Acharonot, 1993), p. 34 ff.
For a blow-by-blow account of the way it was done see E. Zeira,
Milchemet Yom Hakippurim, Mitos mul Metsiut
[The Yom Kippur War: Myth Versus Reality] (Tel Aviv: Yediot Acharonot, 1993), p. 34 ff.
49
Ezer Weizman,
On Eagles’ Wings
(Tel Aviv: Steimatzky’s, 1979), p. 265.
CHAPTER 13Ezer Weizman,
On Eagles’ Wings
(Tel Aviv: Steimatzky’s, 1979), p. 265.
1
S. Rolbant,
The Israeli Soldier: Profile of an Army
(New York: Barnes, 1970), p. 244.
S. Rolbant,
The Israeli Soldier: Profile of an Army
(New York: Barnes, 1970), p. 244.
2
For a blow-by-blow account of terrorist activities and Israeli responses see E. O’Ballance,
Arab Guerrilla Power, 1968-1972
(London: Faber and Faber, 1974).
For a blow-by-blow account of terrorist activities and Israeli responses see E. O’Ballance,
Arab Guerrilla Power, 1968-1972
(London: Faber and Faber, 1974).
3
Dayan lecture, August 9, 1973, quoted in N. Bar Tov,
Dado
:
Arbaim U-smoneh Shanim Ve-esrim Yom
[Dado: Forty-Eight Years and Twenty Days] (Tel Aviv: Maariv, 1978), vol. 1, p. 274.
Dayan lecture, August 9, 1973, quoted in N. Bar Tov,
Dado
:
Arbaim U-smoneh Shanim Ve-esrim Yom
[Dado: Forty-Eight Years and Twenty Days] (Tel Aviv: Maariv, 1978), vol. 1, p. 274.
4
Bar Tov,
Dado
, vol. 1, pp. 179, 202-203. There are some additional details of the plan in E. N. Luttwak, “Defense Planning in Israel: A Brief Retroperspective,” in S. G. Neuman, ed.,
Defense-Planning in Less-Industrialized States
(Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1984), p. 140.
Bar Tov,
Dado
, vol. 1, pp. 179, 202-203. There are some additional details of the plan in E. N. Luttwak, “Defense Planning in Israel: A Brief Retroperspective,” in S. G. Neuman, ed.,
Defense-Planning in Less-Industrialized States
(Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1984), p. 140.
5
Cf. the account in B. Kedar,
Sippuro shel Gdud Machats
[The Story of “Machats” Battalion] (Tel Aviv: Tamuz, 1975), p. 11.
Cf. the account in B. Kedar,
Sippuro shel Gdud Machats
[The Story of “Machats” Battalion] (Tel Aviv: Tamuz, 1975), p. 11.
6
Abdel Ghani el Gamasy,
The October War
(Cairo: American University Press, 1993), p. 148.
Abdel Ghani el Gamasy,
The October War
(Cairo: American University Press, 1993), p. 148.
7
Dayan to
Yediot Acharonot
, August 18, 1972.
Dayan to
Yediot Acharonot
, August 18, 1972.
8
G. Yaakobi,
Ke-chut Ha-seara
[By a Hair’s Breadth] (Tel Aviv: Idanim, 1989), p. 170.
G. Yaakobi,
Ke-chut Ha-seara
[By a Hair’s Breadth] (Tel Aviv: Idanim, 1989), p. 170.
9
For the preparations that were made on this occasion see Bar Tov,
Dado
, vol. 1, pp. 238-248.
For the preparations that were made on this occasion see Bar Tov,
Dado
, vol. 1, pp. 238-248.
10
E. Haber,
Ha-yom Tifrots Milchama
[Today War Will Break Out] (Tel Aviv: Idanim, 1987), p. 17.
E. Haber,
Ha-yom Tifrots Milchama
[Today War Will Break Out] (Tel Aviv: Idanim, 1987), p. 17.
11
A. Sadat,
In Search of Identity
(New York: Collins, 1978), p. 237.
A. Sadat,
In Search of Identity
(New York: Collins, 1978), p. 237.
12
Cf. M. van Creveld,
Nuclear Proliferation and the Future of Conflict
(New York: Free Press, 1993), p. 109; also Levite,
Be-einei Ha-aravim
, pp. 42, 76, plus the sources quoted in both works.
Cf. M. van Creveld,
Nuclear Proliferation and the Future of Conflict
(New York: Free Press, 1993), p. 109; also Levite,
Be-einei Ha-aravim
, pp. 42, 76, plus the sources quoted in both works.
13
See the sources quoted in Levite,
Be-einei Ha-aravim,
p. 43.
See the sources quoted in Levite,
Be-einei Ha-aravim,
p. 43.
14
Cf. his own account in Saad el Shazly,
The Crossing of the Suez
(San Francisco: American Mideast Research, 1980), p. 27 ff.
Cf. his own account in Saad el Shazly,
The Crossing of the Suez
(San Francisco: American Mideast Research, 1980), p. 27 ff.
15
For some figures see Bar Tov,
Dado
, vol. 1, pp. 282, 286.
For some figures see Bar Tov,
Dado
, vol. 1, pp. 282, 286.
16
M. Dayan,
Avnei Derech
[Memoirs] (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1976), p. 570.
M. Dayan,
Avnei Derech
[Memoirs] (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1976), p. 570.
17
Time
, July 30, 1973.
Time
, July 30, 1973.
18
Quotation from a GS meeting, September 17, 1973, in Bar Tov,
Dado
, vol. 1, p. 287.
Quotation from a GS meeting, September 17, 1973, in Bar Tov,
Dado
, vol. 1, p. 287.
19
For the details see Haber,
Ha-yom Tifrots Milchama
, pp. 15-16.
For the details see Haber,
Ha-yom Tifrots Milchama
, pp. 15-16.
20
Cf. Meir,
My Life
(Jerusalem: Steimatzky, 1975, p. 347 ff.
Cf. Meir,
My Life
(Jerusalem: Steimatzky, 1975, p. 347 ff.
21
Cf. M. Negbi,
Namer shel Niyar
[Paper Tiger] (Tel Aviv: Sifriyat Ha-poalim, 1985), pp. 87-88.
Cf. M. Negbi,
Namer shel Niyar
[Paper Tiger] (Tel Aviv: Sifriyat Ha-poalim, 1985), pp. 87-88.
22
According to Brigadier General Shalev, head of IDF intelligence/research, and Zeira’s own office manager, a lieutenant colonel whose name was also Shalev; see Bar Tov,
Dado,
vol. 1, p. 305.
According to Brigadier General Shalev, head of IDF intelligence/research, and Zeira’s own office manager, a lieutenant colonel whose name was also Shalev; see Bar Tov,
Dado,
vol. 1, p. 305.
23
Shazly,
The Crossing of the Suez
, pp. 206-207.
Shazly,
The Crossing of the Suez
, pp. 206-207.
24
Haber,
Ha-yom Tifrots Milchama
, p. 20.
Haber,
Ha-yom Tifrots Milchama
, p. 20.
25
Shazly,
The Crossing of the Suez
, p. 213, says that the evacuation took the Egyptians by surprise and almost betrayed their plans.
Shazly,
The Crossing of the Suez
, p. 213, says that the evacuation took the Egyptians by surprise and almost betrayed their plans.
26
Cf. U. Bar Joseph, “Israel’s Intelligence Failure in 1973,”
Security Studies
4:3 (Spring 1995): 584-609.
Cf. U. Bar Joseph, “Israel’s Intelligence Failure in 1973,”
Security Studies
4:3 (Spring 1995): 584-609.
27
Quoted in A. Braun,
Moshe Dayan Be-milchemt Yom Ha-kippurim
[Moshe Dayan in the Yom Kippur War] (Tel Aviv: Idanim, 1993), p. 58.
Quoted in A. Braun,
Moshe Dayan Be-milchemt Yom Ha-kippurim
[Moshe Dayan in the Yom Kippur War] (Tel Aviv: Idanim, 1993), p. 58.
28
E. Zeira,
Milchemet Yom Ha-kippurim, Mitos mul Metsiut
[The Yom Kippur War: Myth Versus Reality] (Tel Aviv: Yediot Acharonot, 1993), p. 215.
E. Zeira,
Milchemet Yom Ha-kippurim, Mitos mul Metsiut
[The Yom Kippur War: Myth Versus Reality] (Tel Aviv: Yediot Acharonot, 1993), p. 215.
29
For a blow-by-blow account see Haber,
Ha-yom Tifrots Milchama
, p. 11 ff.
For a blow-by-blow account see Haber,
Ha-yom Tifrots Milchama
, p. 11 ff.
30
Cf. Gamasy,
The October War
, p. 180.
Cf. Gamasy,
The October War
, p. 180.
31
Braun,
Moshe Dayan
, pp. 79, 81.
Braun,
Moshe Dayan
, pp. 79, 81.
32
Cf. Bar Tov,
Dado
, vol. 1, pp. 177-178.
Cf. Bar Tov,
Dado
, vol. 1, pp. 177-178.
33
For the lack of information affecting Gonen at this time cf. M. van Creveld,
Command in War
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), pp. 205-206.
For the lack of information affecting Gonen at this time cf. M. van Creveld,
Command in War
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), pp. 205-206.
34
Brig. Gen. Emmanuel Shaked as quoted in Zeira,
Milchemet Yom Ha-kippurim
, p. 217. The verb
li-dfok
is normal IDF slang for “to kill” or “to fuck.”
Brig. Gen. Emmanuel Shaked as quoted in Zeira,
Milchemet Yom Ha-kippurim
, p. 217. The verb
li-dfok
is normal IDF slang for “to kill” or “to fuck.”
35
In these attacks Adan lost twenty-seven killed, five tanks, and eight half-tracks. Lt. Col. Nachum and Lt. Col. Tsvi, “Lechima Be-kommando Mitsri Be-milchemet Yom Ha-kippurim” [Fighting Egyptian Commandos During the 1973 War],
Maarachot
327 (November-December 1992): 23.
In these attacks Adan lost twenty-seven killed, five tanks, and eight half-tracks. Lt. Col. Nachum and Lt. Col. Tsvi, “Lechima Be-kommando Mitsri Be-milchemet Yom Ha-kippurim” [Fighting Egyptian Commandos During the 1973 War],
Maarachot
327 (November-December 1992): 23.
36
E. Shimshi,
Seara Be-Oktober
[Storm in October] (Tel Aviv: Maarachot, 1986), p. 14.
E. Shimshi,
Seara Be-Oktober
[Storm in October] (Tel Aviv: Maarachot, 1986), p. 14.
37
No record of this meeting has ever come to light. It is, however, described in A. Adan,
On the Banks of the Suez
(London: Arms and Armor, 1980), pp. 95-100; and Bar Tov,
Dado
, vol. 2, pp. 73-75.
No record of this meeting has ever come to light. It is, however, described in A. Adan,
On the Banks of the Suez
(London: Arms and Armor, 1980), pp. 95-100; and Bar Tov,
Dado
, vol. 2, pp. 73-75.
38
Cf. van Creveld,
Command in War
, pp. 213-218, for a blow-by-blow account of IDF “staff work” during these hours.
Cf. van Creveld,
Command in War
, pp. 213-218, for a blow-by-blow account of IDF “staff work” during these hours.
39
Adan,
On the Banks of the Suez
, p. 119.
Adan,
On the Banks of the Suez
, p. 119.
40
Cf. Sharon’s own account in A. Sharon,
Warrior
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), pp. 301-302.
Cf. Sharon’s own account in A. Sharon,
Warrior
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), pp. 301-302.
41
For that commander’s own story see A. Yaguri,
Le-hiyot Itam, Kulam Sheli
[To Be with Them, They Are All Mine] (Tel Aviv: Idanim, 1979).
For that commander’s own story see A. Yaguri,
Le-hiyot Itam, Kulam Sheli
[To Be with Them, They Are All Mine] (Tel Aviv: Idanim, 1979).
42
Kedar,
Sippuro shel Gdud Machats
, p. 23.
Kedar,
Sippuro shel Gdud Machats
, p. 23.
43
See the firsthand account in ibid., p. 28 ff.
See the firsthand account in ibid., p. 28 ff.
44
The Egyptians later claimed that it was a U.S. reconnaissance aircraft that alerted the Israelis to the location of the seam; Gamasy,
The October War
, p. 278.
The Egyptians later claimed that it was a U.S. reconnaissance aircraft that alerted the Israelis to the location of the seam; Gamasy,
The October War
, p. 278.
45
Sharon,
Warrior
, 307-309.
Sharon,
Warrior
, 307-309.
46
Details in Braun,
Moshe Dayan
, pp. 139-140.
Details in Braun,
Moshe Dayan
, pp. 139-140.
47
Cf. the detailed account in E. Rozen, “Lama Hufkera Chativat Barak?” [Why Was “Barak” Brigade Abandoned to Its Fate?”
Maariv
weekend magazine, September 24, 1993, pp. 32-33.
Cf. the detailed account in E. Rozen, “Lama Hufkera Chativat Barak?” [Why Was “Barak” Brigade Abandoned to Its Fate?”
Maariv
weekend magazine, September 24, 1993, pp. 32-33.
48
See his own account in R. Eytan,
Sippur shel Chayal
[A Soldier’s Story] (Tel Aviv: Maariv, 1991), p. 130.
See his own account in R. Eytan,
Sippur shel Chayal
[A Soldier’s Story] (Tel Aviv: Maariv, 1991), p. 130.
49
Agranat Report (Jerusalem: Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 1035.
Agranat Report (Jerusalem: Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 1035.
50
Braun,
Moshe Dayan
, p. 94.
Braun,
Moshe Dayan
, p. 94.
51
See M. Zak,
Hussein Osse Shalom
[Hussein Makes Peace] (Ramat Gan: Bar Illan University Press), pp. 130-134, for the details.
See M. Zak,
Hussein Osse Shalom
[Hussein Makes Peace] (Ramat Gan: Bar Illan University Press), pp. 130-134, for the details.
52
Personal communication by Lt. Col. David Chillion.
Personal communication by Lt. Col. David Chillion.
53
A. Kahalani,
Oz 77
[Strength 77] (Tel Aviv: Schocken, 1977), p. 104 ff., is a blow-by-blow account of the battle.
A. Kahalani,
Oz 77
[Strength 77] (Tel Aviv: Schocken, 1977), p. 104 ff., is a blow-by-blow account of the battle.
54
Ch. Herzog,
The War of Atonement
(London: Futura, 1975), pp. 112-113.
Ch. Herzog,
The War of Atonement
(London: Futura, 1975), pp. 112-113.
55
For this interpretation see van Creveld,
Nuclear Proliferation
, pp. 101-102; S. Aronson,
The Politics and Strategy of Nuclear Weapons in the Middle East
(New York: State University of New York, 1992), pp. 143-149.
For this interpretation see van Creveld,
Nuclear Proliferation
, pp. 101-102; S. Aronson,
The Politics and Strategy of Nuclear Weapons in the Middle East
(New York: State University of New York, 1992), pp. 143-149.
56
Tamir, lecture, Hebrew University, December 1974.
Tamir, lecture, Hebrew University, December 1974.
57
Personal communication from one of Lanner’s battalion commanders, Lt. Col. Amram Lazar. The Iraqis have described this episode in Ts. Ofer, ed.,
Tsva Iraq Be-milchemet Yom Hakippurim
[The Iraqi Army in the Yom Kippur War] (Tel Aviv: Maarachot, 1986), pp. 110-112; according to them it was this attack that saved Damascus.
Personal communication from one of Lanner’s battalion commanders, Lt. Col. Amram Lazar. The Iraqis have described this episode in Ts. Ofer, ed.,
Tsva Iraq Be-milchemet Yom Hakippurim
[The Iraqi Army in the Yom Kippur War] (Tel Aviv: Maarachot, 1986), pp. 110-112; according to them it was this attack that saved Damascus.
58
Bar Tov,
Dado
, vol. 2, p. 147.
Bar Tov,
Dado
, vol. 2, p. 147.
59
M. Heikal,
The Road to Ramadan
(London: Sphere Books, 1974), p. 224.
M. Heikal,
The Road to Ramadan
(London: Sphere Books, 1974), p. 224.
60
Gamasy,
The October War
, p. 266 ff.
Gamasy,
The October War
, p. 266 ff.
61
Figures from Herzog,
The War of Atonement
, p. 206, and Gamasy,
The October War
, p. 277; for once, the Israeli and Egyptian accounts agree.
Figures from Herzog,
The War of Atonement
, p. 206, and Gamasy,
The October War
, p. 277; for once, the Israeli and Egyptian accounts agree.
62
Braun,
Moshe Dayan
, p. 96.
Braun,
Moshe Dayan
, p. 96.
63
E. Amber, “Chel Ha-avir Ha-yisraeli Bi-krav Ha-yabasha Be-milchemet Yom Hakippurim” [The IAF’s Participation in the Ground Battle in the Yom Kippur War], in U. Milstein,
Ha-tslicha she-lo Hayta
[The Crossing That Wasn’t] (Tel Aviv: Golan, 1992), p. 284 ff.
E. Amber, “Chel Ha-avir Ha-yisraeli Bi-krav Ha-yabasha Be-milchemet Yom Hakippurim” [The IAF’s Participation in the Ground Battle in the Yom Kippur War], in U. Milstein,
Ha-tslicha she-lo Hayta
[The Crossing That Wasn’t] (Tel Aviv: Golan, 1992), p. 284 ff.
64
Braun,
Moshe Dayan
, p. 141.
Braun,
Moshe Dayan
, p. 141.
65
Peled lecture, Nevatim Air Base, January 16, 1988.
Peled lecture, Nevatim Air Base, January 16, 1988.
66
Shazly,
The Crossing of the Suez
, p. 248
.
Shazly,
The Crossing of the Suez
, p. 248
.
67
Bar Tov,
Dado
, vol. 2, p. 216.
Bar Tov,
Dado
, vol. 2, p. 216.
68
See Shazly’s own account in
The Crossing of the Suez
, p. 400 ff.
See Shazly’s own account in
The Crossing of the Suez
, p. 400 ff.
69
Cf. B. Telem, “Naval Lessons of the Yom Kippur War,” in L. Williams, ed.,
Military Aspects of the Israeli-Arab Conflict
(Tel Aviv: University Publishing Projects, 1975), p. 231 ff.
CHAPTER 14Cf. B. Telem, “Naval Lessons of the Yom Kippur War,” in L. Williams, ed.,
Military Aspects of the Israeli-Arab Conflict
(Tel Aviv: University Publishing Projects, 1975), p. 231 ff.
1
The most detailed account is S. Nakdimon,
Svirut Nemucha
(Tel Aviv: Revivim, 1982), chaps. 1-10; also Y. Ben Porat,
Neila
[Lock-In] (Tel Aviv: Idanim, 1991). In 1973 Brig. Gen. Ben Porat was the Israeli intelligence officer in charge of signals intelligence (SIGINT).
The most detailed account is S. Nakdimon,
Svirut Nemucha
(Tel Aviv: Revivim, 1982), chaps. 1-10; also Y. Ben Porat,
Neila
[Lock-In] (Tel Aviv: Idanim, 1991). In 1973 Brig. Gen. Ben Porat was the Israeli intelligence officer in charge of signals intelligence (SIGINT).
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