Triumph and Tragedy (The Second World War) (149 page)

1
See map, “Operations on the Russian Front,” June 1944—

January 1945”.

2
See map, “The Gothic Line”.

1
This took place on November 7. Mr. Roosevelt was elected President of the United States for the fourth time by a majority of over three and a half million votes.

1
See Volume 2,
Their Finest Hour,
page 46.

1
See map, “The Frontier Regions”.

2
Normandy to the Baltic
.

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936

1
See Book One, Chapter 7.

2
E.A.M., the Greek “National Liberation Front,” Communist-controlled.

3
E.L.A.S., the Greek “People’s National Army of Liberation,”

Communist-controlled.

4
E.D.E.S., the Greek “National Democratic Army.”

5
The Command had not yet changed hands.

6
Author’s subsequent italics throughout.

7
This was dated December 5 and ran as follows: The Department of State has received a number of inquiries from correspondents in regard to the position of this Government concerning the recent cabinet crisis in Italy.

The position of this Government has been consistently that the composition of the Italian Government is purely an Italian affair except in the case of appointments where important military factors are concerned. This Government has not in any way intimated to the Italian Government that there would be any opposition on its part to Count Sforza.

Since Italy is an area of combined responsibility, we have reaffirmed to both the British and Italian Governments that we expect the Italians to work out their problems of government along democratic lines without influence from outside.
This policy would apply to an even more
pronounced degree with regard to governments of the
United Nations in their liberated territories
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937

8
Book One, Chapter 7.

1
See Volume 1, Triumph and Tragedy, page 520.

2
Page 127.

1
Author’s italics.

2
Book One, Chapter 17.

1
Book Two, Chapter 5, “Crossing the Rhine.”

1
Book One, Chapter 14, “Prelude to a Moscow Visit.”

1
Author’s italics.

2
Our meeting on February 11 merely approved the report on the Conference. Serious discussion ended on February 10.

1
See Book One, Chapter 17, “Counter-Stroke in the Ardennes.”

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938

2
Omar Bradley,
A Soldier’s Story.

3
Eisenhower’s report to Combined Chiefs of Staff, page 118.

1
See pages 422–23.

2
Judge Samuel Rosenman, one of Mr. Roosevelt’s close personal advisers, who had helped to draft the President’s report to Congress on the Yalta Conference, and who visited me at this time in London.

3
See Book Two, Chapter 7, “Soviet Suspicions.”

4
See Book Two, Appendix A.

1
See map, “The Invasion of Germany”.

2
Air Chief Marshal Tedder, at Eisenhower’s headquarters.

1
See facsimile.

2
Book Two, Chapter 6.

3
Book Two, Chapter 7,
passim.

4
“Unswerving” is, I think, a truer translation. — W.S.C.

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1
Authoi’s italics.

2
The Prime Minister of the Polish Government in exile.

3
Author’s subsequent italics.

4
Author’s italics.

1
See map, “The Invasion of Germany”.

2
Eisenhower, “Report to Combined Chiefs of Staff,” page 140.

1
Four Italian “combat groups,” each of nearly divisional strength, had been formed, and took an active part in the campaign.

2
Book Two, Chapter 7, “Soviet Suspicions.”

3
See map, “Battle of the River Po”.

4
See Book Two, Chapter 13, “The German Surrender.”

1
A slightly different version of this episode is given by Count Bernadotte in his book
The Fall of the Curtain,
pp. 54 ff.

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940

2
See Book Two,Chapter 7, “Soviet Suspicions. ”

3
My italics — W.S.C.

4
Volume 2.
Their Finest Hour
, pages 6, 7.

1
Author’s subsequent italics.

2
My italics. — W.S.C.

1
Author’s subsequent italics.

2
Author’s subsequent italics.

1
Author’s subsequent italics, here and following.

2
See Book Two, Chapter 14.

1
Author’s italics.

1
See Book One, Chapter 11, “Advance in Burma.”

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941

2
Indian prisoners of war who had been equipped by and were fighting for the Japanese.

3
See map, “Last Phase of Pacific War”.

1
See Book Two, Chapter 4.

1
See map, “Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria as Finally Adopted”.

Appendix C, Book One

1
See minute of July 26 to Home Secretary.

2
See minute of July 26 to First Lord.

3
On June 30, 1950, they numbered thirty.

4
See minute of Sepember 2.

5
Telegram from the Minister of Production about the effect on production of the Cabinet decision that for man-power purposes it could now be assumed that the war against Germany would not continue beyond the end of 1944.

6
See Volume 5.
Closing the Ring,
pages 665, 668, 669.

7
“Pipe-line under the Ocean”: a cross-channel pipe-line.

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8
It was clear that Field-Marshal Dill would not survive his illness. He died on November 4.

9
See minute of October 23.

Appendix D, Book One

1
See Book One, Chapter 4, “Attack on the South of France?”

2
My italics. — W.S.C.

3
My italics. — W.S.C.

Appendix A, Book Two

1
See Volume 1,
Triumph and Tragedy,
page 508.

1
I was told that from the beginning of the war to 31 January, 1945, about 830,000 people from the United Kingdom were killed, injured, missing, or captured; 664,000 of these were English and one in five were Londoners. Casualties in the rest of the Commonwealth were about 317,000. The death-rate for Londoners was 1 in 130 and for England 1 in 165.

Next came New Zealand, with 1 in 175. The other Dominions averaged 1 in 372, and the United States 1 in 775.

3
General Marshall acted the next day.

4
See Book Two, Chapter 6,

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943

5
The War Office estimated that the Russians had inflicted seven million casualties on the Germans.

6
I was told that the Western Allies liberated nearly 2,000,000 Russian prisoners of war and displaced persons.

The Germans recruited a Cavalry Corps of 45,000

Cossacks, and used them against the partisans in Yugoslavia.

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About the Author

One of the most significant leaders of the twentieth century, Winston Churchill was born in 1874. He served as a war correspondent during the Boer War and after his capture and release became a national hero in England. He parlayed his celebrity into a political career, getting elected to the Conservative Party just ten months after his return.

Churchill joined the Liberal Party in 1904. After serving as Home Secretary under David Lloyd George, he became Lord of the Admiralty, but a military setback suffered in World War I forced him to resign. Churchill’s political career suffered many ups and downs during the 1920’s and 30’s owing, in part, to his support of King Edward VIII during his abdication. But when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939, Churchill was reappointed Lord of the Admiralty.

In 1940, Churchill succeeded Chamberlain as Prime Minister and remained in office until 1945. During that time, he successfully guided the nation through World War II, inspiring and mobilizing the British people and forging crucial ties with American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Despite his success in the war, Churchill’s government was voted out in 1945, owing in part to the nation’s lack of confidence in his domestic policies. He remained in Parliament and was reelected in 1951, ultimately resigning in 1955 at the age of 80.

After retirement from public life, Churchill spent his time writing, publishing The History of the English Speaking People. That work, along with his six-volume history of Triumph and Tragedy

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World War II and The World Crisis, his history of World War I, earned Churchill the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953. In 1963 Churchill was made an honorary U.S. citizen. Winston Churchill died in 1965 at the age of 90.

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About this Title

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