Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (58 page)

Altruism, 47, 50, 121, 287; Career Consolidation and, 153; as mature defense, 268; projection evolved into, 163

Alzheimer’s disease, 109, 180, 227, 228, 251

American Psychiatric Association, 145, 267, 360

American Psychological Association, 64

Amphetamines, 387

Angell, Marcia, 329

Anger, inability to deal with, 126

Anthropology: cultural, 65, 82; physical, 17, 43, 56, 65

Anticipation, as defense mechanism, 268

Antidepressants, 122, 255

Anxiety, 46, 117, 266; age of death and, 348; alcoholism and, 306, 315; anxiety disorders, 268; chronic, 32; maturation and, 280; psychiatric care for, 183; relationship with father and, 134–135

Ardelt, Monika, 148, 160–161, 162, 169, 187

Aristotle, 50, 168

Asperger’s syndrome, 64, 184

As You Like It
(Shakespeare), 9, 148

Athletics.
See
Sports (athletics)

Atlantic, The
(magazine), 27, 191, 360, 370

Attachment theory, 13, 38, 64, 65, 75

Attrition rate, 6, 12

Autism, 64

Autistic fantasy, 267

Autobiographies, 3

Baber, David, 332

Baby boomers, 107

Baltes, Paul, 187, 240

Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, 130

Bancroft, George, 158–160, 222

Batalden, Maren, 94, 162, 165, 167, 207, 237

Beauvoir, Simone de, 98

Beethoven, Ludwig van, 261, 277, 345, 367

Behaviorism, 13, 64, 139

Benes, Francine, 147, 236

Berkeley Growth Study, 5–6, 111, 354, 357

Bernard, Claude, 264

Bernstein, Leonard, 234

Biernacki, Patrick, 313

Big Five.
See
NEO

Biographies, 3, 13, 139

Birren, James, 98

Birth order, 140

Block, Jack, 149

Blood pressure, elevated (hypertension), 129, 132, 244, 245, 249

Blood types, 12–13

Boas, Franz, 65

Boatwright, Charles, 148, 154, 160–169, 176, 187, 190, 193, 223, 232

Bock, Arlen V., 9, 10, 53, 54–55, 61, 86; Earl Bond and, 96; Fatigue Laboratory and, 57–58, 62; founding questions for Study, 220; funding for Study and, 80–81, 84–85; nature–nurture issue and, 77; optimum study of lifetimes and, 353;
renaming
of Study and, 83; retirement of, 85; selection of men for Grant Study and, 67

Body build: “feminine,” 71; Kretschmer’s work on, 65; personality profiling and, 77–78

Body build, “masculine,” 13, 15, 28, 35, 71; Decathlon score and, 36, 37; military rank in relation to, 79

Bond, Douglas, 62, 96

Bond, Earl, 81, 96

Bowlby, John, 63, 64, 355

Bradlee, Benjamin, 54

Brain, 170, 180, 265; capacity for intimacy and, 122; cognition working with passions, 147–148; emotions of intimacy and, 2, 136; myelinization in, 147; neuroimaging of brain structure, 107, 227, 291, 368; physical maturation in, 133; shrinking with age, 227.
See also
FMRI studies

Brando, Marlon, 236

Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 98

Bright, Dylan, 276–279, 361, 367

Brouha, Lucien, 62, 73

Bury, M., 224, 228

Bush, George W., 336

California, University of, 6, 382

Calvinism, 361, 366

Camille, Godfrey, 35, 44–53, 57, 109, 117, 123, 129, 136–138, 142, 162, 184–186, 208, 214, 272

Cancer, 25, 188, 225, 250

Cannon, Walter, 57

Career Consolidation, as adult task, 18, 149, 152–154, 236; Career Consolidation vs. Role Diffusion, 152; failure at, 162, 179, 324; mastery of, 47

Career Research Scientist Award, 96

Carey, Eric, 188

Carnegie, Andrew, 155

Carstensen, Laura, 168, 170, 222

Castle, William, 59

Catholics, 14, 16, 23, 69, 343

Cavanaugh, John C., 360

Cerebrotonic, 16

Character, age and setting of, 144

Cherished, the, 112–113, 123, 125, 141, 179

Childhood, bleak, 14, 139, 142, 171, 208; alcoholism and, 305; longevity and, 248, 256–257; physical health decline and, 242, 243, 245

Childhood and Society
(Erikson), 9, 149

Childhood Rating Scale, 113

Children, of Grant Study subjects, 19, 47; closeness to, 31, 39, 41, 230, 356; drug use and, 177; estrangement from, 161; fathers learning from children, 48; interview questions about, 375; interviews with, 48

Children and childhood, 20, 52, 150; assessment of childhood scales, 384–385; autism in, 64, 65; child development, 7–8; childhood assessment, 74; childhood environment, 110–113, 117, 124, 128, 133–135, 314; defensive styles of, 271; divorce and, 220; grim childhood, 45; links between childhood and old
age, 122–127, 138–141; loving childhood, 28, 29; psychosocial data from childhood, 6; psychotic defenses in, 267; safe drinking practices and, 307; sibling relationships and, 42; “sleeper effects” of childhood, 108–109, 133

Chipp, Fredrick, 201–205, 208, 213, 208, 215, 223

Cholesterol, 248, 255–257

Christianity, 161, 343

Church attendance, 89, 185–186

Civil rights, 68, 335

Class, social, 37, 42, 110, 180, 273; alcoholism and, 302; Harvard degree as ticket of mobility, 71; longevity and, 328–332; markers of, 69; mental health and, 289; parental, 256, 357; successful aging and, 109; Terman women and, 382

Clausen, John, 357–358

Clinton, Bill, 336, 337

Clovis, Ernest, 361–367

Cognitive function, 228, 232, 250–251

Cohorts, 1–2, 3, 5, 6, 66, 67

Colby, Ann, 105

Cold War, 17, 68

College men (Grant Study men), 37, 79, 88, 126, 329; alcoholism and, 293, 296, 297–298, 309–310, 315; childhoods of, 142; cholesterol levels, 256; defined, 5; dominant personality traits, 390–392; longevity of, 246–247, 249; maturation of, 170; maturity of defenses, 274, 289; occupations of, 88

College Men at War
(Monks), 79

Community-building, 166, 178

Compassion, 147, 169, 368

Compulsions, 268

Computers, 78–79

Conant, James, 54, 55

Conrad, Joseph, 108, 110, 122, 138

Conscience, 265–266, 320

Conscientiousness, 130, 358

Conservatives, 120, 232, 337–338

Coping mechanisms, involuntary, 38–39, 165–166, 262, 290–291; displacement, 46; humor as, 220; income levels and, 42; marriage and, 199; obsessional, 181; as psychological homeostatic system, 262; resilience and, 359; unempathic, 45.
See also
Defense mechanisms

Costa, Paul, 130, 354, 355

Crain, William, 360

Cramer, Phebe, 267

Cross-sectional studies, 3, 4, 109

Data analysis, 75–79

Dating, 16, 17, 172, 280

Davies, Lewise Gregory.
See
Gregory, Lewise

Dawkins, Richard, 340

Death, 50, 158, 168; age at, 225–226; alcoholism and, 292, 301, 308; “compression of morbidity,” 225; dread of, 25; of dropouts from Study, 87; early death of alcoholics and depressives, 130; education level and age of, 330–331; equanimity in face of, 149, 160, 188; of fathers, 14; fear of, 121; of grandparents,
128,
346; of mothers, 46, 173, 185, 316, 317, 318–319; at young age, 32, 178, 249

Decathlon of Flourishing, 29, 30–34, 118, 145, 175, 356; childhood environment and, 140; incidence of seeing psychiatrists and, 123; longevity of ancestors and, 346; maturity of defenses and, 273, 275, 286; NEO-related scores and, 131–132, 355; outcome variables of, 33–34, 37, 72; political affiliation and, 337; scoring of, 34–35, 40

Defense mechanisms (defensive style), 38, 39, 50, 262; assessment of defensive style, 269–273; cultural diversity and, 288–290; defined, 264–267; hierarchy of, 267–269, 285–288; maturity of, 41, 163, 272; scientific validity of, 263–264.
See also
Coping mechanisms, involuntary

Delusional projection, 267

Dementia, 134, 231, 244, 246, 251, 285

DeMille, Francis, 135, 151, 280–285

Democratic Party, 90, 103, 335, 337

Depression (major depressive disorder), 32, 102, 123, 183; age and, 170; alcoholism and, 304–305; among the elderly, 227; anger and, 46; childhood environment and, 112; defense mechanisms and, 266; diminished with age, 170; family history of, 36, 40, 128; genetic inheritance and, 109, 272; immature defenses and, 287–288; physical health decline and, 242, 243, 245; PTSD and, 334; religious involvement and, 343

Developmental studies, 27

Diabetes, Type II, 244, 299, 330

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association
.
See
DSM-III; DSM-IV

Diamond, Jared, 65

Disease, 180, 363–364, 365

Displacement, 46, 268

Dissociation, 267, 280, 281, 287, 290

Divorce, 12, 32, 47, 103; alcoholism and, 198, 199, 359; consideration of, 194, 195, 203; declining rate with age, 222; empathy in handling of, 165; as evidence of failure, 161; future happiness and, 192; mental health and, 196, 199, 219–221; number of divorces, 205

DNA analysis, 13, 75, 107, 349–350, 368

Dropouts, from Study, 87

Drugs, mood-altering, 173, 220, 242, 243, 245; Adult Adjustment scales and, 389; bleak childhood and use of, 124

Drug trials, 75

DSM-III, 294, 295–296, 347

DSM-IV, 145, 267, 274, 360

Ducey, Charles, 84

Dukakis, Michael, 337

Ectomorphic (skinny) physiques, 41, 65, 67, 71–72

Education level, 273; health and, 249–250; longevity and, 248, 258; mental health and, 289; of parents, 36, 37, 69, 251, 272

EEG (electro-encephalograms), 73, 74

Ego, 18, 265, 272, 278

Ego
and the Mechanisms of Defense, The
(A. Freud), 63

Ego Mechanisms of Defense
(Vaillant), 270

Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation
(Hartmann), 63

EKGs (electrocardiograms), 90, 104

Elder, Glen, 149, 333

Emotional intelligence, 63, 146

Emotions, 19, 143, 227; brain development and, 147; ego development and, 170; intrapsychic conflict and, 265; in late life, 168; psychoanalytic theories about role of, 253

Empathy, 137, 146, 165; capacity for, 116; congenital absence of, 64; spiritual, 187

Empty nest, 215

Endomorphic (plump) physiques, 41, 65, 67, 71–72

Environment, heredity versus, 127–133

Epidemiology, 11, 105

Episcopalians, 343

Erikson, Erik, 9, 21, 25, 103; child development studied by, 110; developmental stages described by, 149–158; on Freud’s model of maturation, 145; on mature social radius, 124, 146; on orality, 120; as student of Anna Freud, 63

Eugenics, 63, 82

Exercise, 233, 236, 239, 240, 248, 259

Extracurricular activities, 66

Extraversion, 40, 130, 131–132, 354, 355

Extraverted personality, 109

Farnsworth, Dana, 85, 86

Fascism, 15

Father, relations with, 14, 18, 118–119, 141; anxiety and, 134–135; assessment of childhood scales, 385; marriage and, 134; maturity of defenses and, 289; mothering versus, 133–135

Fenn, Dan, Jr., 56

Field, Dorothy, 200–201

Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 155

Five Factor model.
See
NEO

Flumerfelt, John, 62

FMRI studies, 13, 95, 360

Follow-ups, 27, 51, 352

Ford, Henry, 159

Forgiveness, 147, 165

Forster, E. M., 236

Framingham Study, 6, 9, 293

Freud, Anna, 63, 64, 271

Freud, Sigmund, 16, 21, 49, 63, 360; adult development ignored by, 148; on artistic creativity, 235; behaviorism and, 64; defense mechanisms and, 261, 266–267, 359; love and work (
lieben und arbeiten
) model, 84, 145; opposition to theories of, 20; on orality, 120; personal physician of, 94

Friedan, Betty, 98

Friedman, Howard S., 249, 332, 358

Friendships, 16, 23, 208, 214; ability to make friends, 210; in college, 17; difficulty in making friends, 119; health and, 229; Identity and, 151; income predictors and, 110; interview questions about, 376; number of friends, 116; presence of close friends, 39

Fries,
James, 225

Frost, Eben, 202, 209–215, 223, 362

Gambling, 316, 320

Games, 114, 118, 120; Adult Adjustment scales and, 386, 388, 389; predictors of success and, 39

Garrick, Daniel, 232–240, 276, 285

Generativity, as adult task, 18, 32, 84, 149, 154–155, 162; Decathlon score and, 41; failure to master, 179, 182, 324; hope as ingredient of, 178; mastery of, 31, 47, 158; Stagnation as shadow of, 154, 365

Genetics, 82

G.I. Bill, 68, 71, 380, 383

Gilligan, Carol, 149

Gingrich, Newt, 336

Glueck, Sheldon and Eleanor, 379

Glueck Study of Juvenile Delinquency.
See
Inner City cohort

Goldwater, Barry, 336, 337

Good Life, A
(Bradlee), 54

Gore, Al, 336

Gottman, John, 199

Grandchildren, 3, 377

Grandparents, 60, 147; as “firestick elders,” 159; importance of maternal grandfathers, 346–350; longevity of, 36, 175

Grant, William T., 36, 55, 61, 76, 80–82, 96

Grant Study, 5, 26; author’s participation in, 90–95; comparison with other studies, 5–6; directors of, 54–59; funding of, 96–98; lessons of, 51; as longitudinal study, 3, 76; official names of, 1, 55–56, 83; as ongoing project, 2; pioneers of, 59–63; selection of men for, 65–71; studies of the study, 10–13; twenty-fifth reunion year, 87–90; white Harvard men as subjects of, 9–10.
See also
Harvard Study of Adult Development

Gratitude, 59, 147, 169

Great Depression, 69, 71, 232, 233; as historical setting for Grant Study Cohort, 67, 68; Terman women and, 382

Gregg, Alan, 83

Gregory, Lewise, 53, 58, 69, 74, 99, 172; interviews conducted by, 71, 72, 95; mothers of Study subjects and, 45, 113–114, 118, 181; as pioneer of Grant Study, 59–61; in retirement, 96; return to the Study, 87; training of, 83–84

Grief, 126, 135, 136

Guardianship, developmental stage of, 23, 149, 155–156, 160, 365

Halo effect, 78, 194

Handwriting analysis, 73, 74, 75