Why Beautiful People Have More Daughters: From Dating, Shopping, and Praying to Going to War and Becoming a Billionaire–Two Evolutionary Psychologists Explain Why We Do What We Do (26 page)

20
Kanazawa (2006b).

21
Kanazawa (2007).

22
Kanazawa (2007); Takahashi et al. (2006).

23
Christenfeld and Hill (1995).

24
McLain et al. (2000).

25
Brédart and French (1999); Bressan and Grassi (2004).

26
Daly and Wilson (1982); McLain et al. (2000); Regalski and Gaulin (1993).

27
McLain et al. (2000).

28
Kanazawa and Still (2000a, p. Chapter 1, appendix).

29
Liss (1987, p. 781).

30
US Bureau of the Census (1995, p. Introduction, table B).

31
Bellis et al. (2005).

32
Kanazawa and Still (2000a).

33
Daly and Wilson (1988, pp. 62–3).

34
Campbell (1988); Fischer and Oliker (1983); Marsden (1987).

35
Smith-Lovin and McPherson (1993); Munch, McPherson, and Smith-Lovin (1997).

36
Smith-Lovin and McPherson (1993, pp. 234–5).

37
Kanazawa (2001b).

38
Draper and Harpending (1982, 1988); Ellis et al. (1999).

39
Ellis et al. (2003); Quinlan (2003).

40
Ellis (2004, pp. 922–4).

41
Kaprio et al. (1995); Rowe (2002).

42
Ellis (2004).

43
Draper and Harpending (1982, 1988).

44
Quinlan (2003).

45
Bailey et al. (2000); Kanazawa (2001c).

46
Kanazawa (2001c).

47
Herman-Giddens et al. (1997); Lemonick (2000).

48
Ellis (2002).

Chapter 6

1
Daly and Wilson (1988).

2
Brown (1991).

3
Pinker (2002, pp. 435–9, appendix).

4
Kanazawa (2006c).

5
International Criminal Police Organization (various years).

6
Daly and Wilson (1988, pp. 137–61).

7
Daly and Wilson (1988, pp. 123–36).

8
Wolfgang (1958).

9
Buss (1994, pp. 19–48).

10
Thornhill and Palmer (2000); Thornhill and Thornhill (1983).

11
Ellis (1998).

12
Campbell (1995, 1999).

13
Campbell (2002).

14
Campbell (1999, p. Notes).

15
Browne (2002); Furchtgott-Roth and Stolba (1999); Kanazawa (2005b).

16
Greenberg (1985); Hirschi and Gottfredson (1985); Steffensmeier et al. (1989).

17
Blumstein (1995); Campbell (1995); Daly and Wilson (1990).

18
Miller (1999, p. Chapter 4; emphases added).

19
Kanazawa (2003c).

20
Kanazawa (2000); Miller (1999).

21
Kanazawa (2003c).

22
Kanazawa (2003b, 2003c); Kanazawa and Still (2000c); Miller (2000).

23
Kanazawa (2003c).

24
Trivers (1972).

25
Blumstein and Schwartz (1983, pp. 195–8); Laumann et al. (1994, pp. 315–6, table 8.4).

26
Kanazawa (2000, 2003c); Miller (1998, 1999, 2000).

27
Laub, Nagin and Sampson (1998); Sampson and Laub (1993).

28
Hirschi (1969).

29
Hirschi (1969).

30
Kanazawa (2000).

31
Hargens, McCann, and Reskin (1978).

32
Gould and Lewontin (1979).

33
Ketelaar and Ellis (2000); Kurzban and Haselton (2006).

34
Daly and Wilson (1996).

35
Wilson, Daly, and Wright (1993); Wilson, Johnson, and Daly (1995).

36
Wilson, Daly, and Wright (1993, p. 275, table 4).

37
Wilson, Daly, and Wright (1993, p. 276, table 5).

38
Kanazawa and Still (2000c, pp. 444–6).

39
Buss (1988); Buss and Shackelford (1997); Peters, Shackelford, and Buss (2002).

40
Wilson, Daly, and Wright (1993).

Chapter 7

[1]
The only other American President ever to be impeached was Andrew Johnson, who was elected Vice President and became President after Abraham Lincoln's assassination in 1865. As a result of the Watergate scandal, the House of Representatives began impeachment hearings against Richard M. Nixon in 1974. However, Nixon resigned in August 1974 before the full House had a chance to vote on the impeachment, the first (and so far the only) US President ever to resign.

2
Betzig (1982, 1986, 1993, 2002).

3
Betzig (1992, 1995).

4
Kanazawa (2004c).

5
Blau and Kahn (1992); Mueller, Kuruvilla, and Iverson (1994); Rosenfeld and Kalleberg (1990); Sørensen and Trappe (1995).

6
Blau and Kahn (2000).

7
Marini (1989).

8
England (1992).

9
Browne (1995, 1998, 2002).

10
Campbell (1999, 2002).

11
Kanazawa (2005b, p. 276, table 1).

12
Kanazawa (2005b, p. 284).

13
Moir and Jessel (1989, p. Chapter 8).

14
Moir and Jessel (1989, p. Chapter 8).

15
Kanazawa (2005b).

16
Eitzen (1985, p. 378); Furchtgott-Roth and Stolba (1999, p. Chapter 1).

17
Eitzen (1988, p. 385).

18
Eitzen and Zinn (1991, p. 324).

19
“Clinton Seeks More Money to Reduce Gap in Wages.”
New York Times
, January 31, 1999.

20
Furchtgott-Roth and Stolba (1999).

21
Kanazawa (2005b).

22
Browne (2002).

23
Baron-Cohen (1999, 2002, 2003); Baron-Cohen and Hammer (1997); Baron-Cohen, Lutchmaya, and Knickmeyer (2004).

24
Baron-Cohen (2003, p. Introduction).

25
Baron-Cohen (2003, p. Chapter 3).

26
Baron-Cohen (2003, p. Introduction).

27
Baron-Cohen (2003, pp. Chapter 1).

28
Baron-Cohen (2003, p. Chapter 1).

29
Baron-Cohen (2003, p. Chapter 3, figure 5; p. Chapter 4, figure 7).

30
Baron-Cohen et al. (1997, 1998).

31
Browne (1997, 2002, pp. 191–214; 2006).

32
Franke (1995); Paludi (1996); Tangri, Burt, and Johnson (1982).

33
Browne (1997).

34
Clarke and Hatfield (1989).

35
Buss and Schmitt (1993).

36
Avner (1994); Bravo and Cassedy (1992).

37
Browne (2002, p. Notes).

38
Muehlenhard and Hollabaugh (1988).

39
Muehlenhard and McCoy (1991).

40
Mealey (1992, p. 397).

41
Browne (1997, p. Chapter 3).

Chapter 8

1
Kurzban, Tooby, and Cosmides (2001).

[2]
Before we can explore the evolutionary origins of religion, we must first define our terms. The term
religion
, both in academic and general writing, tends to refer to three related yet separate things:
religious beliefs
(intraindividual cognitive processes inside the brain);
religious practices
(individual and interindividual social behavior, such as rituals); and
religious organization
(supraindividual collectivities, such as churches, synagogues, and other denominations). Psychologists mostly study religious beliefs (Allport 1950; James 1902), anthropologists usually focus on religious beliefs and practices (Durkheim 1915/1965; Evans-Pritchard 1956), and sociologists and economists tend to concentrate on religious practices and organizations (Greeley 1972; Iannaccone 1994).
In this section, we focus exclusively on the evolutionary psychological origins of
religious beliefs
. For this reason, we exclude from our discussion David Sloan Wilson's excellent book
Darwin's Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society
(2002), because it is mostly about religious organization and how different religious groups and societies evolved over history.