Why We Get Fat: And What to Do About It (32 page)

BOOK: Why We Get Fat: And What to Do About It
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Bauer, J. 1941. “Obesity: Its Pathogenesis, Etiology and Treatment.”
Archives of Internal Medicine
. May;67(5):968–94.

——. 1940. “Observations on Obese Children.”
Archives of Pediatrics
. 57: 631–40.

Bergmann, G. von, and F. Stroebe. 1927. “Die Fettsucht.” In
Handbuch der Biochemie des Menschen und der Tiere
, ed. C. Oppenheimer, pp. 562–98. Jena, Germany: Verlag von Gustav Fischer.

Grafe, E. 1933.
Metabolic Diseases and Their Treatment
. Trans. M. G. Boise. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.

Jones, E. 1956. “Progressive Lipodystrophy.”
British Medical Journal
. Feb 11;4962(1):313–19.

Moreno, S., C. Miralles, E. Negredo, et al. 2009. “Disorders of Body Fat Distribution in HIV-1-Infected Patients.”
AIDS Review
. Jul–Sep;11(3):126–34.

Silver, S., and J. Bauer. 1931. “Obesity, Constitutional or Endocrine?”
American Journal of Medical Science
. 181:769–77.

Chapter 6: Thermodynamics for Dummies, Part 1

Mayer, J. 1954. “Multiple Causative Factors in Obesity.” In
Fat Metabolism
, ed. V. A. Najjar, pp. 22–43. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

National Institutes of Health. 1998.
Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report
. NIH Publication No. 98–4083.

Noorden, C. von. 1907. “Obesity.” Trans. D. Spence. In
The Pathology of Metabolism
, vol. 3 of
Metabolism and Practical Medicine
, ed. C. von Noorden and I. W. Hall, pp. 693–715. Chicago: W. Keener.

Chapter 7: Thermodynamics for Dummies, Part 2

Flier, J. S., and E. Maratos-Flier. 2007. “What Fuels Fat.”
Scientific American
. Sep;297(3):72–81.

Chapter 8: Head Cases

Astwood, E. B. 1962. “The Heritage of Corpulence.”
Endocrinology
. Aug;71:337–41.

Bauer, J. 1947.
Constitution and Disease: Applied Constitutional Pathology
. New York: Grune & Stratton.

Lustig, R. 2006. “Childhood Obesity: Behavioral Aberration or Biochemical Drive? Reinterpreting the First Law of Thermodynamics.”
Nature Clinical Practice. Endocrinology & Metabolism
. Aug;2(8):447–58.

Newburgh, L. H. 1931. “The Cause of Obesity.”
Journal of the American Medical Association
. Dec 5;97(23):1659–63.

Rony, H. R. 1940.
Obesity and Leanness
. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.

Sontag, S. 1990.
Illness as Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors
. New York: Picador.

Chapter 9: The Laws of Adiposity

Bergmann, G. von, and F. Stroebe. 1927. “Die Fettsucht.” In
Handbuch der Biochemie des Menschen und der Tiere
, ed. C. Oppenheimer, pp. 562–98. Jena, Germany: Verlag von Gustav Fischer.

Björntorp, P. 1997. “Hormonal Control of Regional Fat Distribution.”
Human Reproduction
. Oct;12 (Suppl 1):21–25.

Brooks, C. M. 1946. “The Relative Importance of Changes in Activity in the Development of Experimentally Produced Obesity in the Rat.”
American Journal of Physiology
. Dec;147:708–16.

Greenwood, M. R., M. Cleary, L. Steingrimsdottir, and J. R. Vaselli. 1981. “Adipose Tissue Metabolism and Genetic Obesity.” In
Recent Advances in Obesity Research: III
, ed. P. Björntorp, M. Cairella, and A. N. Howard, pp. 75–79. London: John Libbey.

Hetherington, A. W., and S. W. Ranson. 1942. “The Spontaneous Activity and Food Intake of Rats with Hypothalamic Lesions.”
American Journal of Physiology
. Jun;136(4):609–17.

Kronenberg, H. M., S. Melmed, K. S. Polonsky, and P. R. Larsen. 2008.
Williams Textbook of Endocrinology
. Philadelphia: Saunders.

Mayer, J. 1968.
Overweight: Causes, Cost, and Control
. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Mrosovsky, N. 1976. “Lipid Programmes and Life Strategies in Hibernators.”
American Zoologist
. 16:685–97.

Rebuffé-Scrive, M. 1987. “Regional Adipose Tissue Metabolism in Women During and After Reproductive Life and in Men.” In
Recent Advances in Obesity Research: V
, ed. E. M. Berry, S. H. Blondheim, H. E. Eliahou, and E. Shafrir, pp. 82–91. London: John Libbey.

Wade, G. N., and J. E. Schneider. 1992. “Metabolic Fuels and Reproduction in Female Mammals.”
Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews
. Summer;16(2):235–72.

Chapter 10: A Historical Digression on “Lipophilia”

Astwood, E. B. 1962. “The Heritage of Corpulence.”
Endocrinology
. Aug;71:337–41.

Bergmann, G. von, and F. Stroebe. 1927. “Die Fettsucht.” In
Handbuch der Biochemie des Menschen und der Tiere
, ed. C. Oppenheimer, pp. 562–98. Jena, Germany: Verlag von Gustav Fischer.

Bruch, H. 1973.
Eating Disorders: Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa, and the Person Within
. New York: Basic Books.

Mayer, J. 1968.
Overweight: Causes, Cost, and Control
. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Rony, H. R. 1940.
Obesity and Leanness
. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.

Silver, S., and J. Bauer. 1931. “Obesity, Constitutional or Endocrine?”
American Journal of Medical Science
. 181:769–77.

Wilder, R. M., and W. L. Wilbur. 1938. “Diseases of Metabolism and Nutrition.”
Archives of Internal Medicine
. Feb;61:297–65.

Chapter 11: A Primer on the Regulation of Fat

Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. 2008. “Effects of Intensive Glucose Lowering in Type 2 Diabetes.”
New England Journal of Medicine
. June 12;358(24):2545–59.

Berson, S. A., and R. S. Yalow. 1970. “Insulin ‘Antagonists’ and Insulin Resistance.” In
Diabetes Mellitus: Theory and Practice
, ed. M. Ellenberg and H. Rifkin, pp. 388–423. New York: McGraw-Hill.

——. 1965. “Some Current Controversies in Diabetes Research.”
Diabetes
. Sep;14:549–72.

Fielding, B. A., and K. N. Frayn. 1998. “Lipoprotein Lipase and the Disposition of Dietary Fatty Acids.”
British Journal of Nutrition
. Dec;80(6):495–502.

Frayn, K. N., F. Karpe, B. A. Fielding, I. A. Macdonald, and S. W. Coppack. 2003. “Integrative Physiology of Human Adipose Tissue.”
International Journal of Obesity
. Aug;27(8):875–88.

Friedman, M. I., and E. M. Stricker. 1976. “The Physiological Psychology of Hunger: A Physiological Perspective.”
Psychological Review
. Nov;83(6): 409–31.

Le Magnen, J. 1984. “Is Regulation of Body Weight Elucidated?”
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Review
. Winter;8(4):515–22.

Newsholme, E. A., and C. Start. 1973.
Regulation in Metabolism
. New York: John Wiley.

Nussey, S. S., and S. A. Whitehead. 2001.
Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach
. London: Taylor & Francis.

Renold, A. E., O. B. Crofford, W. Stauffacher, and B. Jeanreaud. 1965. “Hormonal Control of Adipose Tissue Metabolism: With Special Reference to the Effects of Insulin.”
Diabetologia
. Aug;1(1):4–12.

Rosenzweig, J. L. 1994. “Principles of Insulin Therapy.” In
Joslin’s Diabetes Mellitus
, 13th ed., ed. C. R. Kahn and G. C. Weir, pp. 460–88. Media, Pa.: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

Wertheimer, E., and R. Shapiro. 1948. “The Physiology of Adipose Tissue.”
Physiological Reviews
. Oct;28:451–64.

Wood, P. A. 2006.
How Fat Works
. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Chapter 12: Why I Get Fat and You Don’t (or Vice Versa)

Bluher, M., B. B. Kahn, and C. R. Kahn. 2003. “Extended Longevity in Mice Lacking the Insulin Receptor in Adipose Tissue.”
Science
. Jan 24;299 (5606):572–74.

Dabalea, D. 2007. “The Predisposition to Obesity and Diabetes in Offspring of Diabetic Mothers.”
Diabetes Care
. July;30(Suppl 2):S169–S174.

Dabelea, D., W. C. Knowler, and D. J. Pettitt. 2000. “Effect of Diabetes in Pregnancy on Offspring: Follow-Up Research in the Pima Indians.”
Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine
. Jan–Feb;9(1):83–88.

DeFronzo, R. A. 1997. “Insulin Resistance: A Multifaceted Syndrome Responsible for NIDDM, Obesity, Hypertension, Dyslipidaemia and Atherosclerosis.”
Netherlands Journal of Medicine
. May;50(5):191–97.

Kim, J., K. E. Peterson, K. S. Scanlon, et al. 2006. “Trends in Overweight from 1980 through 2001 Among Preschool-Aged Children Enrolled in a Health Maintenance Organization.”
Obesity
. July;14(7):1107–12.

McGarry, D. J. 1992. “What If Minkowski Had Been Ageusic? An Alternative Angle on Diabetes.”
Science
. Oct 30;258(5083):766–770.

McGowan, C. A., and F. M. McAuliffe. 2010. “The Influence of Maternal Glycaemia and Dietary Glycaemic Index on Pregnancy Outcome in Healthy Mothers.”
British Journal of Nutrition
. Mar 23:1–7.

Metzger, B. E. 2007. “Long-Term Outcomes in Mothers Diagnosed with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Their Offspring.”
Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
. Dec;50(4):972–79.

Neel, J. V. 1982. “The Thrifty Genotype Revisited.” In
The Genetics of Diabetes Mellitus
. ed. J. Köbberling and R. Tattersall, pp. 283–93. New York: Academic Press.

Chapter 13: What We Can Do

Jenkins, D. J., C. W. Kendall, L. S. Augustin, et al. 2002. “Glycemic Index: Overview of Implications in Health and Disease.”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
. Jul;76(1):266S–73S.

Johnson, R. K., L. J. Appel, M. Brands, et al. 2009. “Dietary Sugars Intake and Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association.”
Circulation
. Sep 15;120(11):1011–20.

Mayes, P. A. 1993. “Intermediary Metabolism of Fructose.”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
. Nov;58(Suppl 5):754S–65S.

Stanhope, K. L., and P. J. Havel. 2008. “Endocrine and Metabolic Effects of Consuming Beverages Sweetened with Fructose, Glucose, Sucrose, or
High-Fructose Corn Syrup.”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
. Dec;88(6):1733S–37S.

Stanhope, K. L., J. M. Schwarz, N. L. Keim, et al. 2009. “Consuming Fructose-Sweetened, Not Glucose-Sweetened, Beverages Increases Visceral Adiposity and Lipids and Decreases Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight/Obese Humans.”
Journal of Clinical Investigation
. May 1;119(5):1322–34.

Chapter 14: Injustice Collecting

Avena, N. M., P. Rava, and B. G. Hoebel. 2008. “Evidence for Sugar Addiction: Behavioral and Neurochemical Effects of Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake.”
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
. 32(1):20–39.

Le Magnen, J. 1985.
Hunger
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chapter 15: Why Diets Succeed and Fail

Gardner, C. D., A. Kiazand, S. Alhassan, et al. 2007. “Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors Among Overweight Premenopausal Women: The A TO Z Weight Loss Study, a Randomized Trial.”
Journal of the American Medical Association
. Mar 7;297(9):969–77.

Ornish, D. 1996. “Very Low-Fat Diets for Coronary Heart Disease: Perhaps, but Which One?—Reply.”
Jounal of the American Medical Association
. May 8;275(18):1403.

Shai, I., D. Schwarzfuchs, Y. Henkin, et al. 2008. “Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet.”
New England Journal of Medicine
. Jul 17;359(3):229–41.

Chapter 16: A Historical Digression on the Fattening Carbohydrate

Anon. 1973. “A Critique of Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Weight Reduction Regimens: A Review of ‘Dr. Atkins’ Diet Revolution.’ ”
Journal of the American Medical Association
. Jun 4;224(10):1415–19.

Anon. 1995.
An Eating Plan for Healthy Americans: The American Heart Association Diet
. Dallas: American Heart Association.

Apfelbaum, M., ed. 1973.
Regulation de l’équilibre énergetique chez l’homme. [Energy Balance in Man.]
Paris: Masson et Cie.

Banting, W. 2005.
Letter on Corpulence, Addressed to the Public
. 4th ed. London: Harrison. Republished New York: Cosimo Publishing. [Originally published in 1864.]

Borders, W. 1965. “New Diet Decried by Nutritionists; Dangers Are Seen in Low Carbohydrate Intake.”
New York Times
. July 7:16.

Bray, G. A., ed. 1976.
Obesity in Perspective
. DHEW Pub No. (NIH) 76–852. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Brillat-Savarin, J. A. 1986.
The Physiology of Taste
. Trans. M. F. K. Fisher. San Francisco: North Point Press. [Originally published in 1825.]

Bruch, H. 1957.
The Importance of Overweight
. New York: W. W. Norton.

Burland, W. L., P. D. Samuel, and J. Yudkin, eds. 1974.
Obesity
. New York: Churchill Livingstone.

Cutting, W. C. 1943. “The Treatment of Obesity.”
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology
. Feb;3(2):85–88.

Dancel, J. F. 1864.
Obesity, or Excessive Corpulence: The Various Causes and the Rational Means of Cure
. Trans. M. Barrett. Toronto: W. C. Chewett.

Davidson, S., and R. Passmore. 1963.
Human Nutrition and Dietetics
. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: E.&S. Livingstone.

French, J. M. 1907.
A Text-Book of the Practice of Medicine, for Students and Practitioners
. 3rd, rev. ed. New York: William Wood.

Gardiner-Hill, H. 1925. “The Treatment of Obesity.”
Lancet
. Nov 14;206(5333):1034–35.

Gordon, E. S., M. Goldberg, and G. J. Chosy. 1963. “A New Concept in the Treatment of Obesity.”
Journal of the American Medical Association
. Oct 5;186:50–60.

Greene, R., ed. 1951.
The Practice of Endocrinology
. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.

Hanssen, P. 1936. “Treatment of Obesity by a Diet Relatively Poor in Carbohydrates.”
Acta Medica Scandinavica
. 88:97–106.

Harvey, W. 1872.
On Corpulence in Relation to Disease: With Some Remarks on Diet
. London: Henry Renshaw.

Hastings, M. 2008.
Retribution: The Battle for Japan, 1944–45
. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Krehl, W. A., A. Lopez, E. I. Good, and R. E. Hodges. 1967. “Some Metabolic Changes Induced by Low Carbohydrate Diets.”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
. Feb;20(2):139–48.

LaRosa, J. C., A. Gordon, R. Muesing, and D. R. Rosing. 1980. “Effects of High-Protein, Low-Carbohydrate Dieting on Plasma Lipoproteins and Body Weight.”
Journal of the American Dietetics Association
. Sep;77(3):264–70.

Leith, W. 1961. “Experiences with the Pennington Diet in the Management of Obesity.”
Canadian Medical Association Journal
. Jun 24;84:1411–14.

McLean Baird, I., and A. N. Howard, eds. 1969.
Obesity: Medical and Scientific Aspects
. London: Livingstone.

Milch, L. J., W. J. Walker, and N. Weiner. 1957. “Differential Effect of Dietary Fat and Weight Reduction on Serum Levels of Beta-Lipoproteins.”
Circulation
. Jan;15(1):31–34.

Ohlson, M. A., W. D. Brewer, D. Kereluk, A. Wagoner, and D. C. Cederquist. 1955. “Weight Control Through Nutritionally Adequate Diets.” In
Weight Control: A Collection of Papers Presented at the Weight Control Colloquium
, ed. E. S. Eppright, P. Swanson, and C. A. Iverson, pp. 170–87. Ames: Iowa State College Press.

Osler, W. 1901.
The Principles and Practice of Medicine
. New York: D. Appleton.

Palmgren, B., and B. Sjövall. 1957. “Studier Rörande Fetma: IV, Forsook Med Pennington-Diet.”
Nordisk Medicin
. 28(iii):457–58.

Passmore, R., and Y. E. Swindells. 1963. “Observations on the Respiratory Quotients and Weight Gain of Man After Eating Large Quantities of Carbohydrate.”
British Journal of Nutrition
. 17:331–39.

Pena, L., M. Pena, J. Gonzalez, and A. Claro. 1979. “A Comparative Study of Two Diets in the Treatment of Primary Exogenous Obesity in Children.”
Acta Paediatrica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
. 20(1):99–103.

Pennington, A. W. 1954. “Treatment of Obesity: Developments of the Past 150 Years.”
American Journal of Digestive Diseases
. Mar;21(3):65–69.

——. 1953. “A Reorientation on Obesity.”
New England Journal of Medicine
. Jun 4;248(23):959–64.

——. 1951. “Caloric Requirements of the Obese.”
Industrial Medicine & Surgery
. Jun;20(6):267–71.

——. 1951. “The Use of Fat in a Weight Reducing Diet.”
Delaware State Medical Journal
. Apr;23(4):79–86.

——. 1949. “Obesity in Industry—The Problem and Its Solution.”
Industrial Medicine
. June: 259–60.

Reader, G., R. Melchionna, L. E. Hinkle, et al. 1952. “Treatment of Obesity.”
American Journal of Medicine
. 13(4):478–86.

Rilliet, B. 1954. “Treatment of Obesity by a Low-calorie Diet: Hanssen-Boller-Pennington Diet.”
Praxis
. Sep 9;43(36):761–63.

Silverstone, J. T., and F. Lockhead. 1963. “The Value of a ‘Low Carbohydrate’ Diet in Obese Diabetics.”
Metabolism
. Aug;12(8):710–13.

Spock, B. 1985.
Baby and Child Care
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——. 1976.
Baby and Child Care
. 4th ed. New York: Hawthorne Books.

——. 1968.
Baby and Child Care
. 3rd ed. New York: Meredith Press.

——. 1957.
The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care
. 2nd ed. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce.

——. 1946.
The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care
. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce.

Spock, B., and M. B. Rothenberg. 1992.
Dr. Spock’s Baby and Child Care
. 6th ed. New York: E. P. Dutton.

Steiner, M. M. 1950. “The Management of Obesity in Childhood.”
Medical Clinics of North America
. Jan;34(1):223–34.

Tanner, T. H. 1869.
The Practice of Medicine
. 6th ed. London: Henry Renshaw.

Williams, R. H., W. H. Daughaday, W. F. Rogers, S. P. Asper, and B. T. Towery. 1948. “Obesity and Its Treatment, with Particular Reference to the Use of Anorexigenic Compounds.”
Annals of Internal Medicine
. 29(3):510–32.

Wilson, N. L., ed. 1969.
Obesity
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Young, C. M. 1976. “Dietary Treatment of Obesity.” In
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, ed. G. A. Bray, pp. 361–66. DHEW Pub No. (NIH) 76–852.

BOOK: Why We Get Fat: And What to Do About It
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