Climbing Up to Glory (37 page)

Rupert Sargent Holland, ed.,
Letters and Diary of Laura
M.
Towne: Written from the Sea Islands of South Carolina
,
1862-1884
(Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press, 1912), 88; Quarles,
Lincoln and the Negro
, 244.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 8, Mississippi Narratives, Part 3, 1345.

Jenkins,
Seizing the New Day,
40; Frank [Francis] A. Rollin,
Life and Public Services of Martin A. Delany, Sub-Assistant Commissioner, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, and Late Major 104th U.S. Colored Troops
(Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1883), 204-5; Quarles,
Lincoln and
the Negro, 245.

Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War,
342-43.

Quarles,
Lincoln and the Negro,
244-245.

Elizabeth Hyde Botume,
First Days amongst the Contrabands
(New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1968, reprint), 174-75.

Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War,
345.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 4, Texas Narratives, Part 3,1271.

Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War,
345.

Hampton Institute,
The Negro in Virginia,
214.

Quarles,
Lincoln and the Negro,
246.

John T. O‘Brien Jr., “From Bondage to Citizenship: The Richmond Black Community, 1865-1867” (Ph.D. diss., University of Rochester, 1974), 76.

Quarles,
Lincoln and the Negro,
245-46.

Redkey, ed.,
A Grand Army of Black Men,
221-22.

Hampton Institute,
The Negro in Virginia,
214.

Quarles,
Lincoln and the Negro,
244.

Rachleff,
Black Labor in the South,
39.

Ibid., 40.

Ibid.

Daniel F. Littlefield,
The Cherokee Freedmen: From Emancipation
to
American Citizenship
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978), 61.

Ibid., 61-63.

Foner,
Reconstruction,
119.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 4, Texas Narratives, Part 3,1160.

Foner,
Reconstruction
, 121; Sidney Andrews,
The South since the War: As Shown by Fourteen Weeks of Travel and Observation in Georgia and the Carolinas
(Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1866), 221.

Littlefield,
The Cherokee Freedmen,
68.

Daniel F. Littlefield,
The Chickasaw Freedmen: A People without a Country
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980), 94-95.

Taken from Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s speech on December 11, 1961, before the Fourth Constitutional Convention of the AFL-CIO in Bal Harbour, Florida.

Wilbert L. Jenkins,
Seizing the New Day: African Americans in Post-Civil War Charleston
(Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1998), 47; Alan Brinkley,
American History: A Survey
, 8th rev. ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991), 452-53; Paul S. Boyer,
The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People
, 2 vols. (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Company, 1993), 1:515; Thomas A. Bailey,
The American Pageant: A History of the Republic,
2 vols. (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Company, 1991), 1:478-79.

Brinkley
American History
, 452-53.

Charles H. Wesley,
Negro Labor in the United States, 1850-1925: A Study in American Economic History
(New York: Vanguard Press, 1927), 147.

Ibid.

Eric Foner,
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877
(New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 102.

Ruthe Winegarten,
Black Texas Women
:
150 Years of Trial and Triumph
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995), 51.

William A. Byrne, “The Burden and Heat of the Day: Slavery and Servitude in Savannah, 1733-1865” (Ph.D. diss., Florida State University, 1979), 350.

Bailey,
The American Pageant,
1:480-81.

John T. O'Brien Jr., ”From Bondage to Citizenship: The Richmond Black Community, 1865-1867” (Ph.D. diss., University of Rochester, 1974), 79.

Martin Abbott,
The Freedmen's Bureau in South Carolina, 1865-1872
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967), 52.

C. Vann Woodward, ed.,
After the War: A Tour of the Southern States, 1865-1866
(By Whitelaw Reid) (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 564.

Ibid., 59.

Ibid., 564.

Loren Schweninger,
Black Property Owners in the South, 1790-1915
(Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 145.

Foner,
Reconstruction,
104.

George P. Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977), Vol. 9, Mississippi Narratives, Part 4, 1649.

Ibid., Vol. 8, Mississippi Narratives, Part 3, 1035.

Ibid., Vol. 7, Mississippi Narratives, Part 2, 629.

Ibid., Vol. 10, Mississippi Narratives, Part 5, 1986.

Jacqueline Baldwin Walker, “Blacks in North Carolina during Reconstruction” (Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1979), 64.

Elizabeth Hyde Botume,
First Days amongst the Contrabands
(Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1893), 170.

Donna J. Benson, “ ‘Before I Be a Slave': A Social Analysis of the Black Struggle for Freedom in North Carolina, 1860-1865” (Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1984), 171.

Byrne, “The Burden and Heat of the Day,” 365.

William L. Barney,
The Passage of the Republic: An Interdisciplinary History of Nineteenth-Century America
(Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Company, 1987), 250.

Gary B. Nash,
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society,
2 vols. (New York: Harper and Row, 1990), 1:544.

James A. Henretta,
America's History,
2 vols. (New York: Worth, 1997), 1:491.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 3, Texas Narratives, Part 2, 853.

Ibid., Vol. 3, Texas Narratives, Part 2, 877.

Jenkins,
Seizing the New Day,
62.

Michael Fellman, “Lincoln and Sherman,” in Gabor S. Boritt, ed.,
Lincoln's Generals
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 149-50.

Byrne, “The Burden and Heat of the Day,” 366-67.

Henretta,
America's History,
1:491; Arnold H. Taylor,
Travail and Triumph: Black Life and Culture in the South since the Civil War
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1976), 70.

Hampton Institute,
The Negro in Virginia: Compiled by Workers of the Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Virginia
(New York: Hastings House, 1940), 218.

Leslie A. Schwalm,
A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina
(Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 191-92.

Ibid., 192.

Ibid., 193.

Ibid.

Colin A. Palmer,
Passageways: An Interpretive History of Black America,
2 vols. (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1998), 2:18; Edmund L. Drago,
Black Politicians and Reconstruction in Georgia: A Splendid Failure
(Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 1992), 86-87; Thomas Holt,
Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction
(Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1977), 128; Taylor,
Travail and Triumph
, 18.

Palmer,
Passageways,
2:18.

Schweninger,
Black Property Owners,
145.

Ibid., 145-46.

Woodward, ed.,
After the War,
564-65.

Henry M. Christman, ed.,
The South As It Is: 1865-1866
(By John Richard Dennett) (New York: Viking Press, 1965), 108.

Sir George Campbell,
White and Black: The Outcome of a Visit to the United States
(New York: R. Worthington, 1879), 276.

Edward Royce,
The Origins of Southern Sharecropping
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993), 114.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 7, Texas Narratives, Part 6, 2732.

Ibid., Vol. 4, Georgia Narratives, Part 2, 603.

Ibid., Vol. 4, Texas Narratives, Part 3, 1084.

Hampton Institute,
The Negro in Virginia,
223.

Foner,
Reconstruction,
106.

Hollis R. Lynch, ed.,
The Black Urban Condition: A Documentary History, 1866-1971
(New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1973), 5.

Foner,
Reconstruction,
106.

Benson, “Before I Be a Slave,” 173.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 2, Arkansas, Colorado, Minnesota, Missouri, Oregon, and Washington Narratives, 133.

Ibid., Vol. 4, Texas Narratives, Part 3, 1303.

Ibid., Vol. 2, Arkansas, Colorado, Minnesota, Missouri, Oregon, and Washington Narratives, 206.

Ibid., Vol. 9, Texas Narratives, Part 8, 3703.

Ibid., Vol. 12, Oklahoma Narratives, 132.

Ibid., Vol. 12, Oklahoma Narratives, 30.

Ibid., Vol. 12, Oklahoma Narratives, 219.

Ibid., Vol. 12, Oklahoma Narratives, 64-66.

Hampton Institute,
The Negro in Virginia,
219.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 7, Texas Narratives, Part 6, 2539-2540.

Schweninger,
Black Property Owners,
148.

Ibid., 150-51.

Wesley
Negro Labor in the United States,
142-43.

Ibid., 143.

Carl R. Osthaus,
Freedmen, Philanthropy, and Fraud: A History of the Freedman's Savings Bank
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976), 98, 100.

Ibid., 98.

Walker, “Blacks in North Carolina,” 63.

Wesley,
Negro Labor in the United States
, 144-45.

Dorothy Sterling, ed.,
We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century
(New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1984), 361.

Ibid., 361-62.

Ruthe Winegarten,
Black Texas Women: 150 Years of Trial and Triumph
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995), 50.

Wesley,
Negro Labor in the United States,
145-46.

Jenkins,
Seizing the New Day,
65-66.

Foner,
Reconstruction,
107; Peter J. Rachleff,
Black Labor in the South: Richmond, Virginia, 1865-1890
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984), 42-44.

Rachleff,
Black Labor in the South,
44.

Eric Arnesen,
Waterfront Workers of New Orleans: Race, Class, and Politics, 1863-1923
(New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 21-23.

Ibid., 22, 24, 30.

Sterling, ed.,
We Are Your Sisters,
355-56.

Winegarten,
Black Texas Women
, 50.

William L. Barney,
Battleground for the Union: The Era of the Civil War and Reconstruction, 1848-1877
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990), 308.

The most comprehensive piece of scholarship on emigration movements, particularly with respect to Singleton and Adams, is Nell Irvin Painter,
Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas after Reconstruction
(New York and London: W. W. Norton and Company, 1986).

Noralee Frankel,
Break Those Chains at Last: African Americans, 1860-1880
(New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 92-93.

Ibid., 93.

Dorothy C. Salem,
The Journey: A History of the African American Experience
(Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt, 1997), 231.

Lt. Col. (Ret.) Michael Lee Lanning,
The African-American Soldier: From Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell
(Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing Group, 1997), 65; William Loren Katz,
Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage
(New York: Atheneum Books, 1986), 176.

Jack D. Foner,
Blacks and the Military in American History
(New York: Praeger, 1974), 53-54.

Gary A. Donaldson,
The History of African-Americans in the Military
(Malabar, FL: Krieger, 1991), 67.

Ibid., 66.