Climbing Up to Glory (39 page)

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 10, Mississippi Narratives, Part 5, 2351.

King,
Stolen Childhood,
151-52.

Berlin and Rowland, eds.,
Families and Freedom,
214.

Rebecca Scott, “The Battle over the Child: Child Apprenticeship and the Freedmen's Bureau in North Carolina,”
Prologue
10, no. 2 (Summer 1978): 107.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 10, Mississippi Narratives, Part 5, 2168-2169.

King,
Stolen Childhood,
152.

Berlin and Rowland, eds.,
Families and Freedom,
231-33.

Ibid., 237.

Ibid.

King,
Stolen Childhood,
152-53.

Scott, “The Battle over the Child,” 105-7.

Ira Berlin, Barbara J. Fields, Steven F. Miller, Joseph P. Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowland, eds.,
Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War
(New York: New Press, 1992), 533-35.

Ibid., 535-36.

Berlin and Rowland, eds.,
Families and Freedom, 227-30.

Ibid., 230-31.

Rachleff,
Black Labor in the South,
21.

Rawick, ed.,
The American ‘Slave,
Vol. 2, Arkansas, Colorado, Minnesota, Missouri, Oregon, and Washington Narratives, 141.

Walter Hill, “A Sense of Belonging: Family Functions and Structure in Charleston, S.C., 1880-1910” (Paper prepared at Howard University 1984), 6-7.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 10, Mississippi Narratives, Part 5, 2385.

Walker, “Blacks in North Carolina,” 132.

Ibid., 133.

Abzug, “The Black Family, 33-34.”

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 10, Mississippi Narratives, Part 5, 2234-2235.

Mary Beth Norton,
A People and a Nation: A History of the United States,
2 vols. (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Company, 1990), 2:456.

Jacqueline Jones,
Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family, from Slavery to the Present
(New York: Vintage Books, 1985), 76-77.

Jones,
Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow,
76.

Alan Brinkley,
American History: A Survey,
8th rev. ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991), 469.

Foner,
Reconstruction,
86.

Noralee Frankel,
Freedom's Women: Black Women and Families in Civil War Era Mississippi
(Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1999), 74-75.

Foner,
Reconstruction
, 86.

Schwalm,
A Hard Fight for We,
211-12.

Frankel,
Freedom's Women,
71, 76.

Davidson,
Nation of Nations,
1:624.

Foner,
Reconstruction,
86-87.

Ibid., 87.

Ibid.

Mellon, ed.,
Bullwhip Days,
225.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 9, Texas Narratives, Part 8, 3498.

Ibid., Vol. 5, Texas Narratives, Part 4, 1696.

Ibid., Vol. 5, Indiana and Ohio Narratives, 165.

Ibid., Vol. 5, Texas Narratives, Part 4, 1533.

Ibid., Vol. 8, Texas Narratives, Part 7, 3257.

Ibid., Vol. 7, Texas Narratives, Part 6, 2589.

Mellon, ed.,
Bullwhip Days,
225.

Herbert G. Gutman,
The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1976), 230-56.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 7, Texas Narratives, Part 6, 2764.

Ibid., Vol. 8, Mississippi Narratives, Part 3, 1240.

Daniel F. Littlefield, Jr.
Africans and Seminoles: From Removal to Emancipation
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977), 193.

Woodward, ed.,
After the War,
147.

Norton,
A People and a Nation,
2:456.

Ibid.

Joe A. Mobley, “In the Shadow of White Society: Princeville, A Black Town in North Carolina, 1865-1915,” in Donald G. Nieman, ed., Church
and Community among Black Southerners, 1865-1900
(New York and London: Garland, 1994), 28-72; Joe A. Mobley,
James City: A Black Community in North Carolina, 1863-1900
(Raleigh: North Carolina Division of Archives and History, 1981); James M. Smallwood,
Time of Hope, Time of Despair: Black Texans during Reconstruction
(Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1981), 118.

Dorothy Sterling, ed.,
We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century
(New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1984), 339.

Ibid.

Ibid., 339-40.

Ibid., 339.

Ibid., 341.

Ibid.

Ibid., 340-41.

Ibid., 341-42.

Ibid., 342.

Ruthe Winegarten,
Black Texas Women: 150 Years of Trial and Triumph
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995), 57, 58.

Sterling, ed.,
We Are Your Sisters,
341, 342.

Winegarten,
Black Texas Women,
58.

Ibid., 57.

Berlin and Rowland, eds.,
Families and Freedom,
182-84.

King,
Stolen Childhood,
112.

Wilbert L. Jenkins,
Seizing the New Day: African Americans in Post-Civil War Charleston
(Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1998), 107.

Ibid., 107-8.

Willard B. Gatewood, “The Remarkable Misses Rollin: Black Women in Reconstruction South Carolina,”
South Carolina Historical Magazine
, 92, no. 3 (July 1991): 179.

William E. Montgomery,
Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree: The African-American Church in the South
,
1865-1900
(Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1993), 260.

Wilma King,
Stolen Childhood: Slave Youth in Nineteenth-Century America
(Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995), 78.

George P. Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977), Vol. 1, Alabama Narratives, 412.

Ibid., Vol. 3, Texas Narratives, Part 2, 950.

Ibid., Vol. 10, Mississippi Narratives, Part 5, 2358.

Ibid., Vol. 10, Mississippi Narratives, Part 5, 2337.

Ibid., Vol. 2, Texas Narratives, Part 1, 231.

Ibid., Vol. 8, Mississippi Narratives, Part 3, 1292.

Ibid., Vol. 9, Texas Narratives, Part 8, 3711.

Ibid., Vol. 4, Texas Narratives, Part 3, 1110; Vol. 2, Texas Narratives, Part 1, 421; Vol. 1, Alabama Narratives, 352.

Ibid., Vol. 4, Texas Narratives, Part 3, 1110; Janet Cornelius, “We Slipped and Learned to Read: Slave Accounts of the Literacy Process, 1830-1865,”
Phylon
44, no. 2 (September 1983): 179.

Ibid., Vol. 7, Texas Narratives, Part 6, 2643-2644.

King,
Stolen Childhood
, 77.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave
, Vol. 2, Texas Narratives, Part 1, 96-97.

King,
Stolen Childhood
, 77.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave
, Vol. 5, Indiana and Ohio Narratives, 424.

King,
Stolen Childhood
, 78.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave
, Vol. 7, Mississippi Narratives, Part 2, 497.

Ibid., Vol. 9, Mississippi Narratives, Part 4, 1664.

Ronald E. Butchart,
Northern Schools, Southern Blacks
,
and Reconstruction: Freedmen's Education, 1862-1875
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980), 176.

James D. Anderson,
The Education of Blacks in the South
,
1860-1935
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 5.

Eric Foner,
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877
(New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 96-97.

Anderson,
The Education of Blacks
, 18; Butchart,
Northern Schools, Southern Blacks
, 176.

Ira Berlin, ed.,
Herbert Gutman, Power and Culture: Essays on the American Working Class
(New York: The New Press, 1987), 269.

Ibid.

Wilbert L. Jenkins,
Seizing the New Day: African Americans in Post-Civil War Charleston
(Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1998), 72-73.

For an excellent study that chronicles the efforts of African Americans to extend literacy to freedmen in the South, see Clara Merritt DeBoer,
His Truth Is Marching On: African Americans Who Taught the Freedmen for the American Missionary Association, 1861-1877
(New York: Garland, 1995).

Linda M. Perkins, “The Black Female American Missionary Association Teacher in the South, 1861-1870,” in Jeffrey J. Crow and Flora J. Hatley, eds.,
Black Americans in North Carolina and the South
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 132.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid., 133.

Joseph T. Glatthaar,
Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers
(New York: Meridian Books, 1990), 245

William E. Montgomery,
Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree: The African-American Church in the South, 1865-1900
(Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1993), 147.

Reginald F. Hildebrand,
The Times Were Strange and Stirring: Methodist Preachers and the Crisis of Emancipation
(Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press, 1995), 61.

Ibid.

Perkins, “The Black Female,” 129; Bertram Wyatt-Brown, “Black Schooling during Reconstruction,” in Walter J. Fraser Jr., R. Frank Saunders Jr., and Jon L. Wakelyn, eds.,
The Web of Southern Social Relations: Women, Family, and Education
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1985), 150.

Perkins, “The Black Female,” 131.

Ibid.

Butchart,
Northern Schools, Southern Blacks
, 176.

Peter Kolchin,
First Freedom: The Responses of Alabama's Blacks to Emancipation and Reconstruction
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1972), 84.

C. Peter Ripley,
Slaves and Freedmen in Civil War Louisiana
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1976), 144.

Butchart,
Northern Schools, Southern Blacks
, 170.

Kolchin,
First Freedom
, 84-85.

Sidney Andrews,
The South since the War: As Shown by Fourteen Weeks of Travel and Observation in Georgia and the Carolinas
(Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1866), 337-38.

John T. Trowbridge,
The South: A Tour of Its Battlefields and Ruined Cities, A Journey through the Desolated States, And Talks with the People
(Hartford, CT: L. Stebbins, 1866), 337.

Mary Beth Norton,
A People and a Nation: A History of the United States
, 2 vols. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990), 2:454.

William A. Byrne, “The Burden and Heat of the Day: Slavery and Servitude in Savannah, 1733-1865” (Ph.D. diss., Florida State University, 1979), 348; Jenkins,
Seizing the New Day
, 89-90; Trowbridge,
The South
, 509.

Anderson,
The Education of Blacks
, 19.

Norton,
A People and a Nation
, 2:454.

William Preston Vaughn,
Schools for All: The Blacks and Public Education in the South, 1865-1877
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1974), 15.

Ibid., 15;
New York Times
, July 3, 1874.

Butchart,
Northern Schools, Southern Blacks
, 170.

Gary B. Nash,
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society
, 2 vols. (New York: Harper and Row, 1990), 1:557.

Wayne E. Reilly ed.,
Sarah Jane Foster: Teacher of the Freedmen, A Diary and Letters
(Charlottesville and London: University Press of Virginia, 1990), 47.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Wyatt-Brown, “Black Schooling during Reconstruction,” 159.

Ibid.

Robert C. Morris, ed.,
Semi-Annual Report on Schools for Freedmen,
Vol.1, Numbers 1-10, January 1866-July 1870 (New York: AMS Press, 1980), (Semi-Annual Report for January 1, 1867), 11.

John T. O'Brien Jr., ”From Bondage to Citizenship: The Richmond Black Community 1865-1867” (Ph.D. diss., University of Rochester, 1974), 81.

Robert H. Abzug, “The Black Family during Reconstruction,” in Nathan I. Huggins, Martin Kilson, and Daniel M. Fox, eds.,
Key Issues in the Afro-American Experience
, 2 vols. (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971), 2:38.

Butchart,
Northern Schools, Southern Blacks
, 169.

Jacqueline Baldwin Walker, “Blacks in North Carolina during Reconstruction” (Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1979), 97.

Wyatt-Brown, “Black Schooling during Reconstruction,” 160.

Ibid.

Anderson,
The Education of Blacks
, 7.

Ibid., 6-7.

Foner,
Reconstruction
, 97.

Anderson,
The Education of Blacks
, 6-7.

Ripley,
Slaves and Freedmen,
138.

Foner,
Reconstruction
, 97; Joe M. Richardson,
Christian Reconstruction: The American Missionary Association and Southern Blacks, 1861-1890
(Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 1986), 4; Perkins, “The Black Female,” 125.

Walker, “Blacks in North Carolina,” 98.

Foner,
Reconstruction,
98; Kolchin,
First Freedom
, 86.

Abzug, “The Black Family,” 37-38; C. Vann Woodward, ed.,
After the War: A Tour of the Southern States
,
1865-1866
(By Whitelaw Reid) (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 511.

Foner,
Reconstruction
, 96, 98; Ripley,
Slaves and Freedmen,
139.

Willard B. Gatewood, “The Remarkable Misses Rollin: Black Women in Reconstruction South Carolina,”
South Carolina Historical Magazine
92, no. 3 (July 1991): 177.

Maxine Deloris Jones, “A Glorious Work: The American Missionary Association and Black North Carolinians, 1863-1880” (Ph.D. diss., Florida State University, 1982), 66-67.

Ibid., 67.

Marion B. Lucas,
A History of Blacks in Kentucky: From Slavery to Segregation, 1760-1891
(Lexington: Kentucky Historical Society, 1992), 1:239.

Jones, “A Glorious Work,” 65.

Ibid., 67.

William Loren Katz,
Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage
(New York: Atheneum Books, 1986), 145-46.

Foner,
Reconstruction
, 98.

Anderson,
The Education of Blacks
, 10.

Ibid., 11; Butchart,
Northern Schools, Southern Blacks
, 173.

Butchart,
Northern Schools, Southern Blacks
, 171.

James M. Smallwood,
Time of Hope, Time of Despair: Black Texans during Reconstruction
(Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1981), 102-3.

Lucas,
A History of Blacks in Kentucky
, 1:239.

Smallwood,
Time of Hope, Time of Despair
, 103.

Montgomery,
Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree
, 150-51.

Ibid., 151.