The Oxford History of the Biblical World (110 page)

Jamnia, 354, 383, 386

Janneus.
See
Alexander Janneus

Jarmuth, and conquest of Canaan, 98

Jason, 326–30

Jason of Cyrene, 342

Jehoahaz, 231, 262, 450

Jehoash (Joash), 230–32, 449

and Deuteronomic History, 230–31

Jehoiachin, 264, 269, 292, 450

Jehoiakim, 262, 450

death of, 264

Jeremiah and, 264

reign of, 262–64

Jehoram, and Tel Dan inscription, 212

Jehoshaphat, 225–27, 449

Jehozadak, 296

Jehu, 215, 228–36, 449

archaeology and, 229

and Chronicles, 228–36

and Deuteronomic History, 228–36

Jephthah, 136

Jeremiah (prophet), 262–64

and Babylonia, 262

and exile, 270, 279

and Gedaliah, 268

and Josiah, 259

Jeremiah, book of

and Judean monarchy, 243

lament for Josiah in, 261

and Philistines, 113–14

Jericho, 332

archaeology and, 12–13, 95

conquest of, by Joshua, 95, 98

Herod’s palace at, 357

Jeroboam I, 210–11, 213–15, 449

Jeroboam II, 212, 213, 232–35, 236, 449

and Amos, 232–33

reign of, culture in, 235

social injustice in, 235

Jerome, 425, 431, 438

Jerusalem

archaeology and, 86, 191–92, 295

architecture in, 191–92

as capital of the south, 206

and conquest of Canaan, 98

and Constantine, 567–68

and David and Solomon, 191

fall of, in Roman period, 380–84

fortification of, by Nehemiah, 309

Heavenly, 432

in Late Bronze Age, 43

name, 444

in Persian period, 289–90

siege of, in 587, 353, 450

Temple and palace in, 192

Jerusalem Talmud.
See
Talmud, Palestinian

Jeshua.
See
Joshua (high priest)

Jesus, 369–71, 388–89, 396, 452

birth of, 369

followers of, 365

Josephus and, 371–72

resurrection of, 374

as son of God, 391

sources for, 370

Jesus ben Sirach, 306

Jesus movement, 374, 388–89

Jethro, 105–06

Jew, designation, 277, 376

Jews, in Gospel of John, 420–21

Jezebel, 221–22

Jezreel, plain of, archaeology and, 288

Jezreel Valley, 146, 153

Joash.
See
Jehoash

Job, book of, 311

Johanan I, 296, 314

Johanan ben Zakkai, 381, 383, 386, 438

John, Gospel of, 373, 405, 420–21

John Chrysostom, 437

John Hyrcanus, 336–39, 342, 451

and Samaritans, 347

John Hyrcanus II, 339–40, 352–53, 355–56

John of Gischala, 381, 382, 383–84

Johnstone, William, 88

John the Baptist, 362, 364, 365, 369, 373, 395

John the Essene, 381

Joiada I, 296, 313

Joiada II, 313

Joiada III, 313

Joiakim, 296

Jokneam, 99

Jonah, 233

Jonathan (son of Saul), 193

Jonathan Maccabee, 333–36, 364

Jordan River, 5, 37, 68, 95

Jordan Valley, 5, 12, 153–54

archaeology and, 100, 101

Joseph (patriarch), 27

Joseph Caiaphas, 361

Josephus, Flavius, 78, 143, 300, 308, 314, 319, 323, 338, 354, 358, 359, 371, 374, 376, 377, 380, 384, 385, 405–06, 407

Against Apion,
78, 375

and First Jewish Revolt, 378–84

Jewish Antiquities, 97,
281, 286, 291, 362, 366, 368, 372, 380

Jewish War,
366, 381, 397

and John the Baptist, 362

mention of census, 361

and origin of the synagogue, 438–39

and Sanhedrin, 360

and sectarian Judaism, 343, 364–67, 368

and Tyrian annals, 155

Joshua, and conquest, 95–96

Joshua (high priest in Persian period), 293–94, 295, 296, 313

Joshua, book of, and conquest of Canaan, 95–96, 98–99

Josiah, 450

and book of Deuteronomy, 216

death of, 261

reform of, 258–62

Jotapata, 354, 382

Jotham, 305

Judah (patriarch), and Tamar, 27

Judah (kingdom of), 207

Assyrian domination of, 252–56

archaeological record of, 254

written record of, 254

in Chronicles, 226–27

in Deuteronomic History, 226

territory of, 138
See also
Judea; Yehud

Judah (territory of), 208, 224, 263, 280, 287, 325

archaeology and, 100, 101

hill country of, 6

Judah, tribe of, 183

Judah Maccabee, 322, 331–33, 342

Judah the Patriarch, 368

Judas Aristobulus I, 336–39

Judas Aristobulus II, 339–40, 352–53

Judas Maccabeus.
See
Judah Maccabee

Judas the Galilean, 361, 362

Judea, 332, 354, 400

in Ptolemaic period, 319–22

Roman rule over, 340, 360–64, 389–418
See also
Judah (kingdom of); Yehud

Judean revolt in Persian period,

archaeological evidence of, 304

judge, office of, 133, 141–44

judges

biblical narrative of, 133–41

geography of, 138–40

major and minor, 133

minor, 135–36, 138–39

period of, 78–79, 108, 132–64

sources for, 132

Judges, book of, 28, 93

Chapter 5
, 107, 109–10, 158–61

and conquest of Canaan, 94

editing of, 133–34

framework of, 139–40

and history of Israel, 133–37

poetry in, 158–61

Judith, book of, 322

Julian the Apostate, 426–27, 452

Julius Caesar, 355, 389–90, 391, 452

Julius Severus, 422

Justinian (emperor), 427, 428, 432–33, 452

Justin Martyr, 417, 428, 437

Justus of Tiberias, 353–54

Juvenal,
Satires,
407

Kadesh-barnea, 68, 69, 77, 184, 208, 224

and geography of the Exodus, 67

and wilderness wandering, 60

Karnak

archaeology and, 308–9

inscription at, 175

reliefs at, 71, 92

Kedarites, 109, 289

Kedesh (Tell Abu Qudeis), 99

Kee, Howard Clark, 445

Kenites

and Yahwism, 105–11
See also
Midianites

Kenyon, Kathleen, 95–96, 219

Khirbet ‘Adullam, 98

Khirbet el-Harbaj (Achsaph), 99

Khirbet Iskander, 33

Khirbet Jedur (Geder), 98

Khirbet Qitmit, 268

Khirbet Raddana, 101

Khorsabad.
See
Dur Sharrukin

Khoury, Philip S., 130

king, 168

of Israel

anointed, 197

appointed by Yahweh, 197

as son of Yahweh, 197

Kings, books of

compiler of, 261

and Josiah, 258, 261–62

and Judean kingdom, 243–44

and Manasseh, 253

and monarchy, 169–75

King’s Highway, 5

kinship, 151

and formation of Israelite state, 180, 200, 202–03

and monarchy, 166–68

Kirta epic, 51

Kishon, battle of, 92, 135

Kittiyim
(Greeks), 259

Klengel, Horst, 56

Knight, Douglas A., 204

Knoppers, Gary N., 240

Kochavi, Moshe, 110

Kostiner, Joseph, 130

Kotel, 384

Kraemer, Ross Shepard, 442, 445

Kraft, Robert A., 350, 387

Kugel, James L., 316

Kuntillet Ajrud, 224, 233

inscription from, 233

Kus, Susan M., 203

Labayu, 49

labor force, captives as, 194–95, 197

Lachish, 97, 106, 110, 114, 119, 121, 208, 251, 263, 287

archaeology and, 97, 98, 119

ostraca from, 266

Solar Temple at, 294

Lactantius, 424

Laish, 97, 125

Lamentations, book of, 267

languages.
See under names of individual languages

Lapidus, 355

Larsa, 35

Lasharon, 99

Late Bronze Age, 42–46, 79–87, 448

Amarna letters and, 47

archaeology and, 86, 94–95, 97–102, 153

and conquest of Canaan, 94

dates of, 42

and Exodus, 79

kingdoms of, 79–80

law, oral, 343

law code, as genre, 3

Leah and Rachel, 27

Lebanon, the

geography of, 5

meaning of name, 5

legal traditions

Deuteronomic, 307

Holiness Code, 307

Pentateuchal, 307

Priestly, 307

Leith, Mary Joan Winn, 276–316

Lemaire, Andre, 56

Leo I, 434

Leonard, Albert, Jr., 88

Lesko, Leonard H., 88

letter, as genre, 3

Letter of Aristeas, 320–21

Letter of Jeremiah, 368

Levant, the, 3, 5

evidence of hominid activity in, 10

geography of, 4

writing in, 19

Levine, Amy-Jill, 352–87

Levine, Lee I., 445

levirate marriage, 337

Levites

book of Deuteronomy and, 216

in Roman period, 358

Levitical cities, 60

lists of, in Joshua, 185, 216

Leviticus, book of, 60

Leviticus Rabbah, 438

Levy, Thomas E., 131, 204

Lewis, Herbert S., 203

Libnah, 98

Libyan coalition, 85

Libyans, 91–92

Linder, A., 436

literacy, creation of alphabet and, 42

literary criticism, and Exodus narrative, 61–62

locusts, as Egyptian plague, 59

Logos,
376

Lord’s Prayer, 372

Lot, 26

and Ammonites and Moabites, 113, 154

Lugal-zaggisi (ruler of Uruk), 31

Luke, Gospel of, 372, 395–96

infancy narrative, 361, 369

Lusius Quietus, 421

Lysias, 331–33

Maccabean revolt, 331–32, 451

and book of Daniel, 341

and sectarian Judaism, 343

Maccabees, books of, 340–42

MacDonald, Burton, 129

Machaerus, 354, 384

Machinist, Peter, 130

MacMullen, Ramsay, 419, 445

Madon, 99

Magen, Yizhak, 129

magi (Zoroastrian priests), 278

magicians, in Egypt, 66

Makarios (bishop), 425

Makkedah, 98

Malachi, book of, 301–02

Malamat, Abraham, 204, 275

Malchus II, 382

Málek, Jaromír, 88

Malik, 32

mammon,
374

Manasseh (king of Judah), 252–56, 450

Manasseh (territory), 138, 208

archaeology and, 100, 101

Manetho,
Aegyptiaca, 97

Marathon, battle of, 280, 304

Marcellus, 363

Marcion, 418, 428

Marcionism, 433

Marcius Turbo, 421

Marcus Ulpius Trajan.
See
Trajan

Marduk (Babylonian storm-god), 8, 283

Marduk-apal-iddina (Merodach-baladan), 249

Mari, 37

archives, 35

letters, 40

palace of Zimri-Lim at, 35

political history of Syria and Mesopotamia and, 36–39

Qatna and, 40–41