The Oxford History of the Biblical World (114 page)

Trajan, 403, 411, 413–16, 421, 452

Transjordan, 60, 153–54, 289

Transjordanian plateau, 5, 6

tribalism

in early Israel, 111–13, 145

in early monarchy, 200

tribal league, 113

tribes of Israel, 27, 28, 111–13, 149–50, 161–63

Trigger, B. G., 24

Trojans.
See
Hittites

Trojan War, 448

Tryphon, 335

Tunip, 37, 43

Tushratta (king of Mitanni), 45

Tutankhamon, 83

Tyre, 37, 43, 138, 152, 154–55, 208, 224, 263, 280, 287, 325, 332, 354, 400

Udjahorresnet, 293, 302, 309

Ugarit (Ras Shamra), 37

abecedary from, 155

archaeology and, 50

in Late Bronze Age, 43, 45, 46, 50–53, 117–19, 142, 448

political history of, 52

Sea Peoples and, 86, 153

Ugaritic

epics, 158

language, 50

relation to Bible, 53

Umar (second caliph), 443

United Monarchy, 151, 168–69, 449

ancient Near Eastern sources for, 175–77

archaeology and, 176–77

architecture in, 188

biblical sources for, 169–75

historicity of, 210–12

boundaries of, 185

breakup of, 210, 212–18

building projects in, 195–96

development of, 151, 166–69

local shrines in, 200

military operations in, 192–93

religion in, 197–200

royal ideology of, 197–200

sociopolitical features of, 192–97

Unleavened Bread, feast of, 308, 314

Upi.
See
Damascus

Upper Paleolithic era, 10, 447

Ur, 9

third dynasty of, 34, 447

ziggurat at, 17

urbanism, in Early Bronze Age, 16–18, 447

urbanization, 447

in early monarchy, 201

in Syria-Palestine, 30

Uruk, 9, 17

Gilgamesh epic and, 20

Ussishkin, David, 275

Uzziah, 236–37

Valentinian III, 427

Varus, 360

Vaux, Roland de, 57

“Verse Account of Nabonidus,” 282, 283

Ventidius Cumanus, 378

Vermes, Geza, 387

Vespasian, 376, 378, 382–84, 385, 405–07, 410, 421, 452

Vesuvius, Mount, 408

Virgil, 392

Aeneid,
392

Vitellius, 363, 405, 406

Voegelin, Eric, 111, 131

Wadi ed-Daliyeh papyri, 291, 313

Wadi el-Hasa, 100, 101

Wadi Tumilat, 65, 68, 74

Warren’s Shaft, 191

War Scroll, 368

Way of the Land of the Philistines, 119

Way of the Sea, 74, 115, 119, 189

Ways of Horus, 74, 84, 119

weaving, Philistines and, 123–24

Weber, Max, 131, 135

Weeks, festival of, 358

Wegner, Judith Romney, 446

Weinfeld, Moshe, 275

Wen-Amun, tale of, 119, 122, 154

Weshesh, 86, 152.
See also
Sea Peoples

Whitelam, K., 204

Wicked Priest, 345, 367

wilderness

and ark of the covenant, 156

itineraries, as literary genre, 66

wandering in, and Exodus, 58, 60, 79

Wilhelm, Gernot, 57

Wilken, Robert, 437

Wilkinson, John, 446

Wills, Lawrence M., 351

Wilson, John A., 7, 117

Wilson, Robert McL., 428

Wilson, Robert R., 164, 241

wine, Philistines and, 123

wisdom, personification of, 376

Wisdom of Jesus ben Sirach, 368

Wolff, Samuel R., 241

women

in early Christianity, 429–31

in early monarchy, 202–03

Jerome and, 431

Jewish, in Roman Empire, 441–42

as leaders in early church, 429

monastic communities of, 429

in New Testament, 429

in premonarchic Israel, 144–45

in stories of Esther, Judith, Tobit, 323

Temple and, 359

worship, of ancestors, 156

Wright, G. Ernest, 94, 111

Wright, Henry T., 203

writing

alphabet and, 42

invention of, 18–19

Xenophon, 314

Xerxes, 299, 304–05, 451

Yadin, Yigael, 94

Yahdun-Lim (ruler of Mari), 36, 38–39

Yahweh

ark of the covenant and, 156

and
asherah,
233–34

king of Israel and, 197

mercy seat and, 157–58

name of, 28, 53–54, 111

revealed to Moses, 108

Yahwism, 105

and central sanctuaries, 112–13

and Kenites, 111

Yahwist source (J), 28.
See also
J

Yamauchi, Edwin M., 316

Yamhad, 36, 37, 40–41

yam
sw/(Reed or Red Sea), 67

Yanoam, 91–92

Yaqim (Alcimus), 333–34

Yarim-Lim, 39

Yasmah-Adad (son of Shamshi-Adad), 38–39

Yassine, K., 129

Yehoezer, 296

Yehud (Judah), 282, 286

archaeology and, 289, 303–04

boundaries of, 289

Judean revolt and, 304–05

as Persian province, 286–92

restoration community of, 291–92, 298–300

Yurco, Frank J., 131

Zadokite priesthood, 172, 291, 294, 297, 298, 301–02, 327

Zanker, Paul, 419

Zarqa River (biblical Jabbok), 10

Zealots, 364, 365, 380–83

Zechariah, 281, 290, 293, 294, 295, 297

Second, 290, 300

Zedekiah (king), 264–65, 450

defeat of, 266

Jeremiah and, 265

Zenon papyri, 319, 323

Zephaniah, book of, 243

Zertal, Adam, 129

Zerubbabel, 270, 286, 288, 293, 294, 295, 296, 299, 302–05

ziggurat, at Ur, 17

Zimri, dynasty of, 218

Zimri-Lim, 36, 38–39, 41

palace of, 35

Zoroastrianism, 278