Authors: Andrew Beahrs
Twain's Feast (46 page)
222
“exquisite cut glass bowl”
Grace King Papers, Mss 1282, Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collections, LSU Libraries, Baton Rouge.
“exquisite cut glass bowl”
Grace King Papers, Mss 1282, Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collections, LSU Libraries, Baton Rouge.
222
“Thanksgiving,” Leary remembered
Lawton,
A Lifetime with Mark Twain,
70-72.
“Thanksgiving,” Leary remembered
Lawton,
A Lifetime with Mark Twain,
70-72.
223
driven to the slaughterhouse
James W. Baker,
Thanksgiving: The Biography of an American Holiday
(Durham: University of New Hampshire Press, 2009), 47-49.
driven to the slaughterhouse
James W. Baker,
Thanksgiving: The Biography of an American Holiday
(Durham: University of New Hampshire Press, 2009), 47-49.
223
“an excellent sauce is made of them”
Constance Crosby, “‘The Indians and English use them much,’” in
Cranberry Harvest,
19.
“an excellent sauce is made of them”
Constance Crosby, “‘The Indians and English use them much,’” in
Cranberry Harvest,
19.
223
the season’s single fresh green
Baker,
Thanksgiving,
55-56.
the season’s single fresh green
Baker,
Thanksgiving,
55-56.
223
crisp in ice water
Kathleen Curtin, Sandra Oliver, and Plimoth Plantation,
Giving Thanks: Thanksgiving Recipes and History, from Pilgrims to Pumpkin Pie
(New York: Clarkson Potter, 2005), 32.
crisp in ice water
Kathleen Curtin, Sandra Oliver, and Plimoth Plantation,
Giving Thanks: Thanksgiving Recipes and History, from Pilgrims to Pumpkin Pie
(New York: Clarkson Potter, 2005), 32.
224
Cranberry Sauce
Eliza Leslie,
Directions for Cookery, in Its Various Branches’
(Philadelphia: E. L. Carey & Hart, 1840), 169.
Cranberry Sauce
Eliza Leslie,
Directions for Cookery, in Its Various Branches’
(Philadelphia: E. L. Carey & Hart, 1840), 169.
225
Cranberry Day
Jannette Vanderhoop,
Cranberry Day: A Wampanoag Harvest Celebration
(Aquinnah, MA: Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head Education Department, 2002).
Cranberry Day
Jannette Vanderhoop,
Cranberry Day: A Wampanoag Harvest Celebration
(Aquinnah, MA: Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head Education Department, 2002).
226
“a Staple means of support”
Crosby, “‘The Indians and English use them much,’” 23.
“a Staple means of support”
Crosby, “‘The Indians and English use them much,’” 23.
226
peat moss is ideal
Jennifer Trehane,
Blueberries, Cranberries and Other Vacciniums
(Portland, OR: Timber Press, 2004) 38-39.
peat moss is ideal
Jennifer Trehane,
Blueberries, Cranberries and Other Vacciniums
(Portland, OR: Timber Press, 2004) 38-39.
227
mixed with cornmeal
Linda Coombs, personal communication, Oct. 30, 2009.
mixed with cornmeal
Linda Coombs, personal communication, Oct. 30, 2009.
227
elder Gladys Widdiss
Quoted in Crosby, “‘The Indians and English use them much,’” 25.
elder Gladys Widdiss
Quoted in Crosby, “‘The Indians and English use them much,’” 25.
229
invasives like catbrier
Mark Alan Lovewell, “Bonanza Cranberry Harvest Has Island Growers Seeing Good Red,”
Vineyard Gazette,
Oct. 31, 2008.
invasives like catbrier
Mark Alan Lovewell, “Bonanza Cranberry Harvest Has Island Growers Seeing Good Red,”
Vineyard Gazette,
Oct. 31, 2008.
232
To Make Cranberry Tarts
Hannah Glasse,
The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy
(1805; Bedford, MA: Applewood Books, 1997), 138.
To Make Cranberry Tarts
Hannah Glasse,
The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy
(1805; Bedford, MA: Applewood Books, 1997), 138.
233
“the country wanteth only industrious men”
Winslow,
Mourt’s Relation,
83.
“the country wanteth only industrious men”
Winslow,
Mourt’s Relation,
83.
233
“two lions roaring exceedingly”
Ibid., 46.
“two lions roaring exceedingly”
Ibid., 46.
233
“their skulls and bones”
William Bradford,
Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647
(New York: Modern Library, 1981), 97.
“their skulls and bones”
William Bradford,
Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647
(New York: Modern Library, 1981), 97.
234
“in these old grounds”
Ibid., 95.
“in these old grounds”
Ibid., 95.
234
“fat and sweet” eels
Winslow,
Mourt’s Relation,
59.
“fat and sweet” eels
Winslow,
Mourt’s Relation,
59.
235
English “harvest home” tradition
James Deetz and Patricia Scott Deetz,
The Times of Their Lives: Life, Love, and Death in the Plymouth Colony
(New York: W. H. Freeman, 2000), 6.
English “harvest home” tradition
James Deetz and Patricia Scott Deetz,
The Times of Their Lives: Life, Love, and Death in the Plymouth Colony
(New York: W. H. Freeman, 2000), 6.
235
“Our harvest being gotten in”
Winslow,
Mourt’s Relation,
82.
“Our harvest being gotten in”
Winslow,
Mourt’s Relation,
82.
236
“every aspect of Wampanoag life”
Nancy Eldredge, “Wampanoag Traditions of Giving Thanks,” in Curtin and Oliver,
Giving Thanks,
14.
“every aspect of Wampanoag life”
Nancy Eldredge, “Wampanoag Traditions of Giving Thanks,” in Curtin and Oliver,
Giving Thanks,
14.
236
“solemn day . . . set apart and appointed”
Edward Winslow,
Good Newes from New England: A True Relation of Things Very Remarkable at the Plantation of Plimoth in New England
(1624; Bedford, MA: Applewood Books, 1996), 56.
“solemn day . . . set apart and appointed”
Edward Winslow,
Good Newes from New England: A True Relation of Things Very Remarkable at the Plantation of Plimoth in New England
(1624; Bedford, MA: Applewood Books, 1996), 56.
236
“among the rest”
Curtin and Oliver,
Giving Thanks,
22-24.
“among the rest”
Curtin and Oliver,
Giving Thanks,
22-24.
236
crops grown in the first year
Ibid., 20.
crops grown in the first year
Ibid., 20.
237
the way they did barberries
Ibid., 21.
the way they did barberries
Ibid., 21.
237
“the
Indians
and
English
”
Crosby, “‘The Indians and English use them much,’” 22.
“the
Indians
and
English
”
Crosby, “‘The Indians and English use them much,’” 22.
237
“cramberry-sauce”
Simmons,
American Cookery,
18.
“cramberry-sauce”
Simmons,
American Cookery,
18.
237
“an officially declared weekday event”
Baker,
Thanksgiving,
6, 34.
“an officially declared weekday event”
Baker,
Thanksgiving,
6, 34.
237
the Continental Congress
Ibid., 33.
the Continental Congress
Ibid., 33.
238
“gentry-style meal”
Sandra Oliver,
Food in Colonial and Federal America
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005), 157-58.
“gentry-style meal”
Sandra Oliver,
Food in Colonial and Federal America
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005), 157-58.
238
oyster soup, boiled cod
Wilcox,
Buckeye Cookery,
301.
oyster soup, boiled cod
Wilcox,
Buckeye Cookery,
301.
238
shipped thirty barrels
Lowrance, “From Swamps to Yards,” 17.
shipped thirty barrels
Lowrance, “From Swamps to Yards,” 17.
238
even to Europe
Eck,
The American Cranberry,
6.
even to Europe
Eck,
The American Cranberry,
6.
238
“pick cranberries from the meadow”
Lydia Maria Francis Child,
The Frugal Housewife
(Boston: Carter and Hendee, 1830), 4.
“pick cranberries from the meadow”
Lydia Maria Francis Child,
The Frugal Housewife
(Boston: Carter and Hendee, 1830), 4.
239
“The roasted turkey took precedence”
Sarah Josepha Hale,
Northwood; or, Life North and South,
5th ed. (New York: H. Long and Brother, 1852), 89-90.
“The roasted turkey took precedence”
Sarah Josepha Hale,
Northwood; or, Life North and South,
5th ed. (New York: H. Long and Brother, 1852), 89-90.
239
Unitarian reverend Alexander Young
Baker,
Thanksgiving,
12-13.
Unitarian reverend Alexander Young
Baker,
Thanksgiving,
12-13.
240
images of African-American families
Ibid., 90-92.
images of African-American families
Ibid., 90-92.
241
by 1915 Plymouth County produced
Robert Demanche, “The Early Cultivators,” in
Cranberry Harvest,
29.
by 1915 Plymouth County produced
Robert Demanche, “The Early Cultivators,” in
Cranberry Harvest,
29.
241
Chicken Pie for Thanksgiving
Mary Johnson Lincoln,
Mrs. Lincoln’s Boston Cook Book
(Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1884), 268.
Chicken Pie for Thanksgiving
Mary Johnson Lincoln,
Mrs. Lincoln’s Boston Cook Book
(Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1884), 268.
242
over 90 percent of the crop
Hilary Sandler, personal communication, Nov. 17, 2009.
over 90 percent of the crop
Hilary Sandler, personal communication, Nov. 17, 2009.
243
canned sauce
Trehane,
Blueberries, Cranberries and Other Vacciniums,
71.
canned sauce
Trehane,
Blueberries, Cranberries and Other Vacciniums,
71.
243
in 2002 the Wisconsin growers
National Agricultural Statistics Service, “Cranberry Yield, Acreage, and Production by State, 2000-2002,” online at
www.nass.usda.gov/nj/frtsum02cran.pdf
.
in 2002 the Wisconsin growers
National Agricultural Statistics Service, “Cranberry Yield, Acreage, and Production by State, 2000-2002,” online at
www.nass.usda.gov/nj/frtsum02cran.pdf
.
244
“the economic salvation”
Lowrance, “From Swamps to Yards,” 16.
“the economic salvation”
Lowrance, “From Swamps to Yards,” 16.
244
one-sixty-fourth ownership shares
Eck,
The American Cranberry,
7.
one-sixty-fourth ownership shares
Eck,
The American Cranberry,
7.
247
hovered around fifteen
Ibid., 36.
hovered around fifteen
Ibid., 36.
247
Peg Leg John
Trehane,
Blueberries, Cranberries and Other Vacciniums,
32.
Peg Leg John
Trehane,
Blueberries, Cranberries and Other Vacciniums,
32.
247
Before 1983
Hilary Sandler, “Challenges in Integrated Pest Management for Massachusetts Cranberry Production: A Historical Perspective to Inform the Future,” in
Crop Protection Research Advances,
Earl N. Burton and Peter V. Williams, eds. (Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publications, 2008), 21-55.
Before 1983
Hilary Sandler, “Challenges in Integrated Pest Management for Massachusetts Cranberry Production: A Historical Perspective to Inform the Future,” in
Crop Protection Research Advances,
Earl N. Burton and Peter V. Williams, eds. (Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publications, 2008), 21-55.
248
suited for septic systems
Cornelia Dean, “A Tradition at Risk in the Northeastern Bogs,”
New York Times,
Nov. 23, 2004.
suited for septic systems
Cornelia Dean, “A Tradition at Risk in the Northeastern Bogs,”
New York Times,
Nov. 23, 2004.
249
After Thanksgiving Dinner
Wilcox,
Buckeye Cookery,
301-2.
After Thanksgiving Dinner
Wilcox,
Buckeye Cookery,
301-2.
250
“by sucking the air”
Mark Twain, “Hunting the Deceitful Turkey,” in
Collected Tales, 1891-1910,
805-7.
8. TWILIGHT: MAPLE SYRUP“by sucking the air”
Mark Twain, “Hunting the Deceitful Turkey,” in
Collected Tales, 1891-1910,
805-7.
252
“To have to give up your home”
SLC to David Gray, Mar. 28, 1875, Hartford, CT, in
Mark Twain’s Letters, 1874-1875.
Michael B. Frank and Harriet Elinor Smith, eds. Mark Twain Project Online (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007)
www.marktwainproject.org/xtf/view?docId=letters/UCCL11401.xml;style=letter;brand=mtp#an1
, accessed Jan. 12, 2010.
“To have to give up your home”
SLC to David Gray, Mar. 28, 1875, Hartford, CT, in
Mark Twain’s Letters, 1874-1875.
Michael B. Frank and Harriet Elinor Smith, eds. Mark Twain Project Online (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007)
www.marktwainproject.org/xtf/view?docId=letters/UCCL11401.xml;style=letter;brand=mtp#an1
, accessed Jan. 12, 2010.
252
“the woods in their autumn dress”
Twain,
Autobiography,
16.
“the woods in their autumn dress”
Twain,
Autobiography,
16.
252
“the taste of maple sap”
Ibid., 17.
“the taste of maple sap”
Ibid., 17.
253
most old-growth forests
Keith Thomas,
Man and the Natural World
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 193.
most old-growth forests
Keith Thomas,
Man and the Natural World
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 193.
253
“Here is good living”
William Cronon,
Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1983), 25.
“Here is good living”
William Cronon,
Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1983), 25.
255
A Receipt to Make Maple Sugar
Carter,
The Frugal Housewife,
209.
A Receipt to Make Maple Sugar
Carter,
The Frugal Housewife,
209.
256
“whole coloring matter”
Helen Nearing and Scott Nearing,
The Maple Sugar Book,
(1950; White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2000), 62.
“whole coloring matter”
Helen Nearing and Scott Nearing,
The Maple Sugar Book,
(1950; White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2000), 62.
256
“the kind of pure maple-sugar that is white”
Ibid., 191.
“the kind of pure maple-sugar that is white”
Ibid., 191.
257
“I can’t feel very kindly or forgivingly”
Twain,
Autobiography,
94.
“I can’t feel very kindly or forgivingly”
Twain,
Autobiography,
94.
257
“Why is it that we rejoice”
Mark Twain,
Pudd’nhead Wilson and Those Extraordinary Twins
(New York: Harper and Brothers, 1922), 69.
“Why is it that we rejoice”
Mark Twain,
Pudd’nhead Wilson and Those Extraordinary Twins
(New York: Harper and Brothers, 1922), 69.
257
“It is sad”
Twain,
Autobiography,
4.
“It is sad”
Twain,
Autobiography,
4.
257
“labor and sweat and struggle”
Ibid., 250.
“labor and sweat and struggle”
Ibid., 250.
257
Only death, he wrote
Ibid., 326.
Only death, he wrote
Ibid., 326.
257
“release from the captivity”
Ibid., 295.
“release from the captivity”
Ibid., 295.
257
“What is it all for?”
Ibid., 99.
“What is it all for?”
Ibid., 99.
258
“It is one of the mysteries of our nature”
Ibid., 422.
“It is one of the mysteries of our nature”
Ibid., 422.
258
Maple Sugar Frosting
Farmer,
The Boston Cooking-School Cook Book,
438.
Maple Sugar Frosting
Farmer,
The Boston Cooking-School Cook Book,
438.
259
paddled it up the Connecticut River
Jim Dina,
Voyage of the Ant
(Washington, CT: Birdstone Publishers, 1989).
paddled it up the Connecticut River
Jim Dina,
Voyage of the Ant
(Washington, CT: Birdstone Publishers, 1989).
260
called it maple water
Nearing and Nearing,
The Maple Sugar Book,
14.
called it maple water
Nearing and Nearing,
The Maple Sugar Book,
14.
260
the Iroquois leader Woksis
Janet Eagleston and Rosemary Hasner,
The Maple Syrup Book
(Boston: Boston Mills Press, 2006), 12.
the Iroquois leader Woksis
Janet Eagleston and Rosemary Hasner,
The Maple Syrup Book
(Boston: Boston Mills Press, 2006), 12.
260
Ne-naw-bo-zhoo
Ibid.
Ne-naw-bo-zhoo
Ibid.
261
mixed with crushed corn
Nearing and Nearing,
The Maple Sugar Book,
33.
mixed with crushed corn
Nearing and Nearing,
The Maple Sugar Book,
33.
261
Native American method of burying
Williams,
Food in the United States,
108.
Native American method of burying
Williams,
Food in the United States,
108.
261
“There is a sumptuous variety”
Mark Twain, “New England Weather,” in
Plymouth Rock and the Pilgrims,
40-41.
“There is a sumptuous variety”
Mark Twain, “New England Weather,” in
Plymouth Rock and the Pilgrims,
40-41.
263
“the French make it”
Nearing and Nearing,
The Maple Sugar Book,
25.
“the French make it”
Nearing and Nearing,
The Maple Sugar Book,
25.
263
described by a Kickapoo man
Ibid., 23-24.
described by a Kickapoo man
Ibid., 23-24.
264
Aunt Top’s Nut Taffy
Wilcox,
Buckeye Cookery,
98.
Aunt Top’s Nut Taffy
Wilcox,
Buckeye Cookery,
98.
264
“I comprehend & realize”
SLC to David Gray, Mar. 28, 1875, Mark Twain Project Online.
“I comprehend & realize”
SLC to David Gray, Mar. 28, 1875, Mark Twain Project Online.
264
“it seemed as if I had burst”
Powers,
Mark Twain,
564.
“it seemed as if I had burst”
Powers,
Mark Twain,
564.
265
“She was my riches”
Twain,
Autobiography,
449.
“She was my riches”
Twain,
Autobiography,
449.
265
“No more knowledge is necessary”
Benjamin Rush,
Essays, Literary, Moral, and Philosophical,
2nd ed. (Philadelphia: Thomas and William Bradford, 1806), 279.
“No more knowledge is necessary”
Benjamin Rush,
Essays, Literary, Moral, and Philosophical,
2nd ed. (Philadelphia: Thomas and William Bradford, 1806), 279.
265
peak production came in 1860
Nearing and Nearing,
The Maple Sugar Book,
266.
peak production came in 1860
Nearing and Nearing,
The Maple Sugar Book,
266.
265
Alexander Hamilton
Rush,
Essays, Literary, Moral, and Philosophical,
280.
Alexander Hamilton
Rush,
Essays, Literary, Moral, and Philosophical,
280.
266
“by persons who refuse”
Ibid., 286.
“by persons who refuse”
Ibid., 286.
266
“pleasant and patriotic”
Nearing and Nearing,
The Maple Sugar Book,
19.
“pleasant and patriotic”
Nearing and Nearing,
The Maple Sugar Book,
19.
266
“sugar made at home”
Ibid.
“sugar made at home”
Ibid.
266
“enough maple sugar to last all the year”
Laura Ingalls Wilder,
Little House in the Big Woods,
rev. ed. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1953), 127.
“enough maple sugar to last all the year”
Laura Ingalls Wilder,
Little House in the Big Woods,
rev. ed. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1953), 127.
266
Jefferson’s trees
Eagleston and Hasner,
The Maple Syrup Book,
27.
Jefferson’s trees
Eagleston and Hasner,
The Maple Syrup Book,
27.
267
“the scattered situation of the trees”
Rush,
Essays Literary, Moral, and Philosophical,
278.
“the scattered situation of the trees”
Rush,
Essays Literary, Moral, and Philosophical,
278.
267
Laura Ingalls Wilder remembered
Wilder,
Little House in the Big Woods,
126.
Laura Ingalls Wilder remembered
Wilder,
Little House in the Big Woods,
126.
267
the only shelter
Nearing and Nearing,
The Maple Sugar Book,
48-50.
the only shelter
Nearing and Nearing,
The Maple Sugar Book,
48-50.
268
Boil until thick
Details on tests, ibid., 58-59.
Boil until thick
Details on tests, ibid., 58-59.
268
To Make Maple Beer
Carter,
The Frugal Housewife,
210.
To Make Maple Beer
Carter,
The Frugal Housewife,
210.
269
5.5 percent of the world’s total
Eagleston and Hasner,
The Maple Syrup Book,
33.
5.5 percent of the world’s total
Eagleston and Hasner,
The Maple Syrup Book,
33.
272
“Why should men delay”
Nearing and Nearing,
The Maple Sugar Book,
76.
“Why should men delay”
Nearing and Nearing,
The Maple Sugar Book,
76.
275
“The most precious of all gifts”
Twain,
Autobiography,
494.
“The most precious of all gifts”
Twain,
Autobiography,
494.
275
chasing driftwood beside a river
Twain,
Notebooks & Journals,
vol. 2, 143.
chasing driftwood beside a river
Twain,
Notebooks & Journals,
vol. 2, 143.
275
“a flash and a vanish”
Mark Twain, “Extract from Captain Stormfield’s Visit to Heaven,” in
Collected Tales, 1891-1910,
826.
“a flash and a vanish”
Mark Twain, “Extract from Captain Stormfield’s Visit to Heaven,” in
Collected Tales, 1891-1910,
826.
276
“‘Now here are these two unaccountable’”
Albert Bigelow Paine,
Mark Twain: A Biography,
vol. 3 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1912), 1511.
“‘Now here are these two unaccountable’”
Albert Bigelow Paine,
Mark Twain: A Biography,
vol. 3 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1912), 1511.
276
Maple-Sugar Sauce
Corson,
Practical American Cookery,
464.
Maple-Sugar Sauce
Corson,
Practical American Cookery,
464.
278
“a wild delicacy that no other sweet can match”
John Burroughs,
Signs and Seasons
(Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1886), 258.
“a wild delicacy that no other sweet can match”
John Burroughs,
Signs and Seasons
(Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1886), 258.
278
a golden age
Nearing and Nearing,
The Maple Sugar Book,
8.
a golden age
Nearing and Nearing,
The Maple Sugar Book,
8.
278
“stubborn oaks sweat”
Virgil,
The Eclogues,
Eclogue 4,
http://classics.mit.edu/Virgil/eclogue.4.iv.html
.
“stubborn oaks sweat”
Virgil,
The Eclogues,
Eclogue 4,
http://classics.mit.edu/Virgil/eclogue.4.iv.html
.
279
“always worked herself down”
Twain,
Autobiography,
489.
“always worked herself down”
Twain,
Autobiography,
489.
279
“Seventy-four years old”
Ibid., 488.
EPILOGUE“Seventy-four years old”
Ibid., 488.
281
I can brine the chicken
Recipes described in epilogue are from Edna Lewis and Scott Peacock,
The Gift of Southern Cooking
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006).
I can brine the chicken
Recipes described in epilogue are from Edna Lewis and Scott Peacock,
The Gift of Southern Cooking
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006).
282
the torture of a monotonous song
Twain,
Roughing It,
209.
the torture of a monotonous song
Twain,
Roughing It,
209.
282
“no land with an unvarying climate”
Ibid., 386.
“no land with an unvarying climate”
Ibid., 386.
282
“cover the trees and by their weight”
Twain,
Autobiography,
19.
“cover the trees and by their weight”
Twain,
Autobiography,
19.
284
“much used by country people”
De Voe,
The Market Assistant,
341.
“much used by country people”
De Voe,
The Market Assistant,
341.
285
“The number of dishes is sufficient”
Twain,
A Tramp Abroad,
291.
“The number of dishes is sufficient”
Twain,
A Tramp Abroad,
291.
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